WordNet

slight or limited; especially in degree or intensity or scope; "a series of death struggles with small time in between"
a garment size for a small person
the slender part of the back
limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent; "a little dining room"; "a little house"; "a small car"; "a little (or small) group" (同)little
have fine or very small constituent particles; "a small misty rain"
on a small scale; "think small"
intrusive in a meddling or offensive manner; "an interfering old woman"; "bustling about self-importantly making an officious nuisance of himself"; "busy about other peoples business" (同)meddlesome, meddling, officious, busy, busybodied

PrepTutorEJDIC

=ti
(大きさが)『小さい』,小形の;(量が)『少ない』,わずかな / 『取るに足りない』,ささいな(trivial) / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(仕事・活動などが)『小規模の』,ささやかな / 心が狭い,利己的な / (音・声が)弱い,小さい / (文字が)小型の,小文字の / 《the~》小さいもの;(…の)細い部分《+『of』+『名』》 / 《複数形で》《英》(衣類・ハンカチなどの)小物,小間物 / 小さく,細かく / (声などが)低く,弱く / 小規模に,こぢんまりと
ribonucleic acid・リボ核酸

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English Journal

C7: A CpG oligodeoxynucleotide that induces protective immune response against megalocytivirus in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) via toll-like receptor 9-mediated signaling pathway.

Zhou ZX1, Zhang J2, Sun L3.Author information 1Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.2Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.3Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China. Electronic address: lsun@qdio.ac.cn.AbstractMegalocytivirus is the causative agent of severe disease outbreaks in farmed fish. Currently there is no effective control against megalocytivirus in aquaculture. Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs are known to possess marked immunostimulatory properties. In this study, we investigated the potentials of ten CpG ODNs as antiviral agents in a model of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). We found that, when administered into flounder, three of the ten CpG ODNs inhibited viral replication in kidney, spleen, and liver. ODN C7, which exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity, was able to promote proliferation of peripheral blood leukocytes and enhance activation of head kidney mononuclear adherent phagocytes. When the expression of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) was knocked down in vivo by small interfering RNA, C7-mediated immune response and antiviral activity were significantly blocked. Moreover, when C7 was co-administered with pCN86, a DNA vaccine against megalocytivirus, a significant increase in vaccine-induced protection was observed compared to administration with pCN86 alone. Further analysis showed that compared to fish immunized with pCN86, fish immunized with pCN86 plus C7 exhibited significantly upregulated expression of a wide range of genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity. Taken together, these results indicate that ODN C7 activates TLR9-mediated immune response and possesses antiviral and adjuvant potentials that may be exploited for the control of megalocytivirus infection in farmed flounder.
Developmental and comparative immunology.Dev Comp Immunol.2014 May;44(1):124-32. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.12.002. Epub 2013 Dec 12.
Megalocytivirus is the causative agent of severe disease outbreaks in farmed fish. Currently there is no effective control against megalocytivirus in aquaculture. Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs are known to possess marked immunostimulatory properties. In th
PMID 24333437

Expression profiles and functional associations of endogenous androgen receptor and caveolin-1 in prostate cancer cell lines.

Bennett NC1, Hooper JD, Johnson DW, Gobe GC.Author information 1Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia.AbstractBACKGROUND: In prostate cancer (PCa) patients, the protein target for androgen deprivation and blockade therapies is androgen receptor (AR). AR interacts with many proteins that function to either co-activate or co-repress its activity. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is not found in normal prostatic epithelium, but is found in PCa, and may be an AR co-regulator protein.
The Prostate.Prostate.2014 May;74(5):478-87. doi: 10.1002/pros.22767. Epub 2013 Dec 24.
BACKGROUND: In prostate cancer (PCa) patients, the protein target for androgen deprivation and blockade therapies is androgen receptor (AR). AR interacts with many proteins that function to either co-activate or co-repress its activity. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is not found in normal prostatic epithelium,
PMID 24375805

Annexin A4-conferred platinum resistance is mediated by the copper transporter ATP7A.

Matsuzaki S1, Enomoto T, Serada S, Yoshino K, Nagamori S, Morimoto A, Yokoyama T, Kim A, Kimura T, Ueda Y, Fujita M, Fujimoto M, Kanai Y, Kimura T, Naka T.Author information 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory for Immune Signal, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan.AbstractAlthough platinum drugs are often used for the chemotherapy of human cancers, platinum resistance is a major issue and may preclude their use in some cases. We recently reported that enhanced expression of Annexin A4 (Anx A4) increases chemoresistance to carboplatin through increased extracellular efflux of the drug. However, the precise mechanisms underlying that chemoresistance and the relationship of Anx A4 to platinum resistance in vivo remain unclear. In this report, the in vitro mechanism of platinum resistance induced by Anx A4 was investigated in endometrial carcinoma cells (HEC1 cells) with low expression of Anx A4. Forced expression of Anx A4 in HEC1 cells resulted in chemoresistance to platinum drugs. In addition, HEC1 control cells were compared with Anx A4-overexpressing HEC1 cells in xenografted mice. Significantly greater chemoresistance to cisplatin was observed in vivo in Anx A4-overexpressing xenografted mice. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that exposure to platinum drugs induced relocation of Anx A4 from the cytoplasm to the cellular membrane, where it became colocalized with ATP7A, a copper transporter also well known as a mechanism of platinum efflux. ATP7A expression suppressed by small interfering RNA had no effect on HEC1 control cells in terms of chemosensitivity to platinum drugs. However, suppression of ATP7A in Anx A4-overexpressing platinum-resistant cells improved chemosensitivity to platinum drugs (but not to 5-fluorouracil) to a level comparable to that of control cells. These results indicate that enhanced expression of Anx A4 confers platinum resistance by promoting efflux of platinum drugs via ATP7A.
International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2014 Apr 15;134(8):1796-809. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28526. Epub 2013 Oct 21.
Although platinum drugs are often used for the chemotherapy of human cancers, platinum resistance is a major issue and may preclude their use in some cases. We recently reported that enhanced expression of Annexin A4 (Anx A4) increases chemoresistance to carboplatin through increased extracellular e
PMID 24150977