slothful

　

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1. 怠惰な,ものぐさな

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/11/11 04:13:21」(JST)

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Accidia in The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things, by Hieronymus Bosch.

Sloth is one of the seven capital sins. It is the most difficult sin to define, and to credit as sin, since it refers to a peculiar jumble of notions, dating from antiquity and including mental, spiritual, pathological, and physical states. One definition that may be given to sloth is habitual disinclination to exertion.

Views concerning the need for one to work to support society and further God's plan and work also suggest that, through inactivity, one invites the desire to sin. "For Satan finds some mischief still for idle hands to do." ("Against Idleness and Mischief" by Isaac Watts).

Definition

The word "sloth" is a translation of the Latin term acedia (Middle English, accidie) and means "without care". Spiritually, acedia first referred to an affliction attending religious persons, especially monks, wherein they became indifferent to their duties and obligations to God. Mentally, acedia, has a number of distinctive components of which the most important is affectlessness, a lack of any feeling about self or other, a mind-state that gives rise to boredom, rancor, apathy, and a passive inert or sluggish mentation. Physically, acedia is fundamentally associated with a cessation of motion and an indifference to work; it finds expression in laziness, idleness, and indolence. Two commentators consider the most accurate translation of acedia to be "self-pity," for it "conveys both the melancholy of the condition and self-centeredness upon which it is founded."

Catholicism

In his Summa Theologica, Saint Thomas Aquinas defined sloth as "sorrow about spiritual good" and as "sluggishness of the mind which neglects to begin good... [it] is evil in its effect, if it so oppresses man as to draw him away entirely from good deeds." According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church, "acedia or spiritual sloth goes so far as to refuse the joy that comes from God and to be repelled by divine goodness."

Sloth includes ceasing to utilize the seven gifts of grace given by the Holy Ghost (Wisdom, Understanding, Counsel, Knowledge, Piety, Fortitude, and Fear of the Lord); such disregard may lead to the slowing of one's spiritual progress towards eternal life, to the neglect of manifold duties of charity towards the neighbour, and to animosity towards those who love God.

Unlike the other capital sins, which are sins of committing immorality, sloth is a sin of lacking desire, and/or of omission. It may arise from any of the other capital vices; for example, a son may omit his duty to his father through anger. While the state and habit of sloth is a mortal sin, the habit of the soul tending towards the last mortal state of sloth is not mortal in and of itself except under certain circumstances.

Orthodoxy

In the Philokalia, the word dejection is used instead of sloth, for the person who falls into dejection will lose interest in life.

Buddhism

It is also one of the five hindrances in Buddhism.

Others

Sloth has also been defined as a failure to do things that one should do, though the understanding of the sin in antiquity was that this laziness or lack of working was simply a symptom of the vice which was that of apathy or indifference, particularly an apathy or boredom of God and one's state of their soul, or when one becomes bored with God. Edmund Burke (1729-1797) wrote in Present Discontents (II. 78) "No man, who is not inflamed by vain-glory into enthusiasm, can flatter himself that his single, unsupported, desultory, unsystematic endeavours are of power to defeat the subtle designs and united Cabals of ambitious citizens. When bad men combine, the good must associate; else they will fall, one by one, an unpitied sacrifice in a contemptible struggle."

Emotionally and cognitively, the evil of acedia finds expression in a lack of any feeling for the world, for the people in it, or for the self. Acedia takes form as an alienation of the sentient self first from the world and then from itself. Although the most profound versions of this condition are found in a withdrawal from all forms of participation in or care for others or oneself, a lesser but more noisome element was also noted by theologians. From tristitia, asserted Gregory the Great, "there arise malice, rancour, cowardice, [and] despair..." Geoffrey Chaucer, too, dealt with this attribute of acedia, counting the characteristics of the sin to include despair, somnolence, idleness, tardiness, negligence, indolence, and wrawnesse, the last variously translated as "anger" or better as "peevishness". For Chaucer, human's sin consists of languishing and holding back, refusing to undertake works of goodness because, he/she tells him/her self, the circumstances surrounding the establishment of good are too grievous and too difficult to suffer. Acedia in Chaucer's view is thus the enemy of every source and motive for work.

Sloth not only subverts the livelihood of the body, taking no care for its day-to-day provisions, but also slows down the mind, halting its attention to matters of great importance. Sloth hinders the man in his righteous undertakings and thus becomes a terrible source of human's undoing.

According to Peter Binsfeld's Binsfeld's Classification of Demons, Belphegor is the chief demon of the sin Sloth.

Laziness in the Bible

Although, as defined above, sloth is more akin to apathy and inactivity, many English speakers narrow it to mean simple laziness,(Proverbs 10:4, Proverbs 12:27, Proverbs 15:19, Matthew 25:25-30) about which the Bible makes many comments. (Never be lazy, but work hard and serve the Lord enthusiastically. Romans 12:11; Lazy people consider themselves smarter than seven wise counselors. Proverbs 26:16; Lazy people irritate their employers, like vinegar to the teeth or smoke in the eyes. Proverbs 10:26)

Lazy person falls prey to poverty

Ridiculously indolent and a lover of sleep, the lazy person sees lions all over the street his desires ″kill″ him because ″his hands refuse whatever to labour″, and his path becomes a ″hedge of thorns″... while he is wiser than seven sensible men in his own eyes.... His household becomes a real ruin and he falls prey to his ″want″ (scarcity) coming like an armed person and in the end to poverty, coming upon him like a robber. The sluggard (lazy person) will share this fate with the talkative person, with dreamers that ″watch the wind″ or ″regard the clouds″ and with those who ″chase fantasies″ (follow worthless pursuits).

The employed lazy person and the rich lazy person

If, however, this lazy person is the type that, eventually, ″takes his food to mouth″ (because there is a type of lazy person who doesn’t even take his food to mouth) and has a job, he is like ″vinegar to the teeth″ and ″smoke to the eyes″ for those who send him with any task. If the sluggard is rich, he should avoid getting that lazy insensitiveness of the chief people of Zion, that delight themselves in every way possible, and whom the prophet Amos predicted would become slaves.

The lazy person leaves God's gifts unused

The wicked, worthless servant, that buries his talent in the ground, instead of investing the money with the banker, i.e. one who disregards God's gift, leaving it unused, is also lazy. His talent will be taken from him and will be given to the one who has 10 talents and the worthless servant is thrown into the darkness of hell, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth. (See the parable of the talents.)

The lazy person breaks again the commandments of God

Whoever is lazy (slack) in his work becomes brother to one who destroys (meaning The Evil-One, the devil because the devil is murderer) for the second time He breaks again the command of God, Who sent him to work this time, for not obeying God, Who forbids them to eat from the tree of knowledge of good and evil.

The growth of the virtues is the enemy of laziness

The Christian must not become sluggish (lazy), but be a zealous follower of those who ″inherit the promises″ because the growth of the virtues makes the laziness go away.

See also

• Acedia
• Apathy
• Goofing off
• Ignorance
• Irreligion
• Laziness
• Melancholy           
• Noonday Demon
• Slacker
• Torpor
• Procrastination

• Seven Deadly Sins           

  Lust

  Gluttony

  Greed

  Sloth

  Wrath

  Envy

  Pride

• Seven Heavenly Virtues

  Chastity

  Temperance

  Charity

  Diligence

  Patience

  Kindness

  Humility

Bibliography

• Bible, English Standard Version Revised, 1971, Biblegateway.com, http://www.biblegateway.com/
• Catholic Encyclopedia, Sloth, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14057c.htm
• Thomas Pynchon: The Deadly Sins/Sloth; Nearer, My Couch, to Thee, New York Times, June 6, 1993

External links

• "Sloth" at Catholic Encyclopedia
• St. Thomas Aquinas on sloth

English Journal

• The Slothful Claw: Osteology and Taphonomy of Nothronychus mckinleyi and N. graffami (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and Anatomical Considerations for Derived Therizinosaurids.

• Hedrick BP1, Zanno LE2, Wolfe DG3, Dodson P4.
• PloS one.PLoS One.2015 Jun 10;10(6):e0129449. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129449. eCollection 2015.
• Nothronychus was the first definitive therizinosaurian discovered in North America and currently represents the most specialized North American therizinosaurian genus. It is known from two species, No. mckinleyi from the Moreno Hill Formation (middle Turonian) in west-central New Mexico, and No. gra
• PMID 26061728

• Slothful gelation of a dipolar building block by "top-down" morphology transition from microparticles to nanofibres.

• Das A1, Maity B, Koley D, Ghosh S.
• Chemical communications (Cambridge, England).Chem Commun (Camb).2013 Jun 28;49(51):5757-9. doi: 10.1039/c3cc42808g.
• An amide-functionalized dipolar building block showed spontaneous self-assembly to micro-particles predominately by H-bonding. Possibly due to inefficient dipolar interaction, it gradually adopted an alternate mode of assembly by anti-parallel dimerization and H-bonding in orthogonal directions lead
• PMID 23689349

• Steps to preventing type 2 diabetes: exercise, walk more, or sit less?

• Tudor-Locke C1, Schuna JM Jr.
• Frontiers in endocrinology.Front Endocrinol (Lausanne).2012 Nov 19;3:142. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00142. eCollection 2012.
• Accumulated evidence supports the promotion of structured exercise for treating prediabetes and preventing Type 2 diabetes. Unfortunately, contemporary societal changes in lifestyle behaviors (occupational, domestic, transportation, and leisure-time) have resulted in a notable widespread deficiency
• PMID 23189071

Related Links

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• slothfulの意味 - 英和辞書 - 英語辞書 - goo辞書

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