shouting

　

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 叫び[声];かっさい

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/02/21 13:31:21」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Scream (disambiguation).

A scream, shout, shriek, hoot, holler, vociferation, yell, outcry, or bellow is a loud vocalization in which air is passed through the vocal folds with greater force than is used in regular or close-distance vocalization. Though technically this process can be performed by any creature possessing lungs, the preceding terms are usually applied specifically to human vocalization.

Infant yelling

Emotional motivation

Reasons for shouting vary, and it may be done deliberately or simply as a reaction. The core motive, in essentially all situations, is communication. These outbursts convey alarm, surprise, displeasure or outrage, or perhaps to gain the attention of another person or an animal.

Fear and surprise

"El Grito" (The Scream) by Mexican artist Mauricio García Vega.

When frightened, human beings tend to yelp, or cry out. This is both to convey fear and to call attention to themselves, increasing the possibility of receiving assistance from others. This action also serves as a possible defense tactic, as shouting may frighten off an assailant or cause them to falter, allowing a chance to escape.

Also, when people are not expecting something and it comes suddenly, they are surprised. If a person approaches another and jumps on them or shouts in their ear, or possibly shakes or jolts them, the targets of such pranks usually scream in shock or surprise.

Happiness

People may yell out when overcome by joy or excitement, such as when winning a game, contest, competition, or a prize.

Danger and pain

Shouting to inform others of danger is an evolutionary process within social animals. Such an action can be considered altruistic, as it announces the danger to others, while at the same time revealing the position of the one announcing the danger.

When people suffer injuries or other painful experiences, such as broken bones or gunshot wounds, they often scream in pain or surprise. These vociferations are often accompanied by crying and sobbing, and when done so, the synonym "wailing" may very well be used to describe this type of vocalization. These cries may be used to deal with the shock of the incident and can be used by others also as a way to avoid such hazards.

Anger

When angered, individuals may yell at each other to emphasize a question, command, argument, or other statement.

Other purposes

Music

Main article: Screaming (music)

Sometimes screaming or louder-than-normal vocals are used in music. This is an increasingly common vocal technique especially utilized in numerous forms of metal music.

Dialogue

Two people arguing in a "shouting match".

Some people, when arguing begin to raise their voices to the point that they are screaming at each other in anger while continuing their debate exchange. Terminology includes "shouting match".

Military

Drill instructors frequently use this tactic and its associated fear and intimidation to train recruits whilst fostering obedience and expedience.

Audio level

The volume levels of scream pitches may be very high, and this has become an issue in the sport of tennis, particularly with regards to Maria Sharapova's loud tennis grunts which have been measured as high as 101.2 decibels. The loudest verified scream emitted by a human measured 129 dBA, a record set by teaching assistant Jill Drake in 2000. The loudest scream by a crowd was a scream by a group of Finnish Scouts and was measured at a level of 127.2 dBA, in the grounds of Toivala's Metsäkoulu, Siilinjärvi, Finland on 16 April 2005.

See also

• Battle cry
• Death growl
• Rebel yell
• Wilhelm scream, an iconic sound effect used in films dating back to 1951.
• Howie scream, another often used stock scream.

References

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 老人性難聴 presbycusis
• 2. 成人における一次救命処置 basic life support bls in adults
• 3. 成人における間欠性爆発性障害：疫学、臨床的特徴、評価、および診断 intermittent explosive disorder in adults epidemiology clinical features assessment and diagnosis
• 4. 小児における気道異物 airway foreign bodies in children
• 5. 幼児および小児における痙攣発作の臨床検査診断 clinical and laboratory diagnosis of seizures in infants and children

English Journal

• Gentle vs. aversive handling of pregnant ewes: I. Maternal cortisol and behavior.

• Hild S, Coulon M, Schroeer A, Andersen IL, Zanella AJ.SourceDepartment of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway. Sophie.Hild@nvh.no
• Physiology & behavior.Physiol Behav.2011 Sep 1;104(3):384-91. Epub 2011 Apr 28.
• The aim of the experiment was to study the effects of aversive vs. gentle handling in late pregnancy on maternal behavior of ewes. Sixteen Norwegian Dala ewes bearing twins were subjected to 10 min of either gentle (GEN--soft talking and calm behavior) or aversive (AVS--swift movements and shouting)
• PMID 21549725

• Assessment of noise levels generated by music shops in an urban city in Nigeria.

• Ebare MN, Omuemu VO, Isah EC.SourceDepartment of Community Health, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.
• Public health.Public Health.2011 Sep;125(9):660-4. Epub 2011 Aug 27.
• OBJECTIVE: To assess the level of noise generated by music shops in an urban city in Nigeria.STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional, descriptive study.METHODOLOGY: The study involved music shops in three out of eight identified clusters of market areas in Benin City. A semi-structured, researcher-administere
• PMID 21875726

Japanese Journal

• コリマ・ユカギールの民話テキスト (4) ： A.V. スレプツォワの「エルシェネイ」

• 長崎 郁
• 北方言語研究 1, 185-195, 2011-03-25
• … The girl then ran out, crying and shouting. … And the girl reached the mouth of Rassokha,crying and shouting, the poor girl! … My brother remained there shouting, at home, he took a frying panand beat it (like a drum).” The people living by the mouth of Rassokha left with the girl.They went to her place and took a look. …
• NAID 120002911991

• Metallogenic province and large scale mineralization of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in China

• Wang Changming,Deng Jun,Zhang Shouting [他]
• Resource geology 60(4), 404-413, 2010
• NAID 40017398751

Related Links

• shouting - definition of shouting by the Free Online Dictionary ...

tr. & intr.v. shout・ed, shout・ing, shouts. To say with or utter a shout. Phrasal Verb: shout down. To overwhelm or silence by shouting loudly. [Middle English shoute, perhaps from Old Norse sk ta, a taunt; see skeud- in Indo-European roots.] ...

Related Pictures