shipment

　

WordNet

1. the transfer from one conveyance to another for shipment
2. the act of shipping again (especially by transferring to another ship)

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈U〉船積み,積み込み,荷送り / 〈C〉積み荷;積み荷量
2. (乗客・貨物を)他の乗り物に移すこと,(…の)積み換え《+of+名》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/07/18 12:30:36」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

This article is about the transport of cargo by any means. For other uses, see Shipping (disambiguation).

The Panama Canal. A cargo ship transiting the Gatún locks northbound is guided carefully between lock chambers by "mules" on the lock walls to either side.

Freight transport is the physical process of transporting commodities and merchandise goods and cargo. The term Shipping originally referred to transport by sea, but is extended in American English to refer to transport by land or air (International English: "carriage") as well. "Logistics", a term borrowed from the military environment, is also fashionably used in the same sense.

Modes of shipment

Ground

Main article: Road transport

Main article: Rail freight transport

Land or "ground" shipping can be by train or by truck (International English: lorry). In air and sea shipments, ground transport is required to take the cargo from its place of origin to the airport or seaport and then to its destination because it is not always possible to establish a production facility near ports due to limited coastlines of countries. Ground transport is typically more affordable than air, but more expensive than sea especially in developing countries like India, where inland infrastructure is not efficient.

Shipment of cargo by trucks, directly from the shipper's place to the destination, is known as a door to door shipment and more formally as multimodal transport. Trucks and trains make deliveries to sea and air ports where cargo is moved in bulk.

Ship

Main article: Ship transport

Much shipping is done aboard actual ships. An individual nation's fleet and the people that crew it are referred to as its merchant navy or merchant marine. Merchant shipping is like lifeblood to the world economy, carrying 90% of international trade with 102,194 commercial ships worldwide. On rivers and canals, barges are often used to carry bulk cargo.

Air

Main article: Cargo airlines

Cargo is transported by air in specialized cargo aircraft and in the luggage compartments of passenger aircraft. Air freight is typically the fastest mode for long distance freight transport, but also the most expensive.

Intermodal

Main article: Intermodal freight transport

Intermodal freight transport refers to shipments that involve more than one mode. More specifically it usually refers to the use of intermodal shipping containers that are easily transferred between ship, rail and truck.

Terms of shipment

Harbour cranes unload cargo from a container ship at the Jawaharlal Nehru Port, Navi Mumbai, India.

Main article: Incoterm

Common trading terms used in shipping goods internationally include:

• Free on board (FOB)–the exporter delivers the goods at the specified location (and on board the vessel). Costs paid by the exporter include load, lash, secure and stow the cargo, including securing cargo not to move in the ships hold, protecting the cargo from contact with the double bottom to prevent slipping, and protection against damage from condensation. For example, "FOB JNPT" means that the exporter delivers the goods to the Jawahar lal Nehru Port, India, and pays for the cargo to be loaded and secured on the ship. This term also declares that where the responsibility of shipper ends and that of buyer starts. The exporter is bound to deliver the goods at his cost and expense. In this case, the freight and other expenses for outbound traffic are borne by the importer.

• Carriage and freight (now known in the US as "cost and freight")(C&F, CFR, CNF): Insurance is payable by the importer, and the exporter pays all expenses incurred in transporting the cargo from its place of origin to the port/airport and ocean freight/air freight to the port/airport of destination. For example, C&F Los Angeles (the exporter pays the ocean shipping/air freight costs to Los Angeles). most of the governments ask their exporters to trade on these terms to promote their exports worldwide such as India and China. Many of the shipping carriers (such as UPS, DHL, FedEx) offer guarantees on their delivery times. These are known as GSR guarantees or "guaranteed service refunds"; if the parcels are not delivered on time, the customer is entitled to a refund.

• Carriage, insurance and freight (now known in the US as "cost, insurance and freight")(CIF): Insurance and freight are all paid by the exporter to the specified location. For example, at CIF Los Angeles, the exporter pays the ocean shipping/air freight costs to Los Angeles including the insurance of cargo. This also states that responsibility of the shipper ends at the Los Angeles port.

• The term "best way" generally implies that the shipper will choose the carrier who offers the lowest rate (to the shipper) for the shipment. In some cases, however, other factors, such as better insurance or faster transit time will cause the shipper to choose an option other than the lowest bidder.

See also

This map of shipping routes illustrates the relative density of commercial shipping in the world's oceans.

• Affreightment
• Mid-stream operation
• Outline of transport
• Ship transport
• Rail transport
• Transshipment
• Greek shipping
• Chinese shipping
• Environmental issues with shipping
• Right of way (shipping)
• Shipping markets
• Full container load (FCL)
• Less than container load (LCL)

References

• "Special Chapter: Asia". Review Maritime Transport 2010 Flyer. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2011. 

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English Journal

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• The effect of temperature exposure during shipment on a commercially available demineralized bone matrix putty.

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Japanese Journal

• 十勝平野における農家間ネットワークからみた大規模畑作の動態

• 吉田 国光
• 経済地理学年報 59(2), 197-215, 2013-06-30
• 本稿の目的は,十勝平野音更町を事例に各農家の農業経営,とくに共同作業や出荷・取引形態が農家間のどのような関係性のもとに展開しているのかを分析し,それらの関係性を通じて形成された複相ネットワークと,各農家の農業経営との関連性について考察することによって大規模畑作農業の動態を明らかにすることとした.対象地域では農業経営の大規模化が進展し,多様な作物が販売目的に生産されていた.さらに小麦などの政府買い上 …
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• … The kinds and shipment districts of vegetables and fruit handled by the Miedistrict wholesale market were observed, and the environmental load caused by foodtransportation was examined. …
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