WordNet

inflammation of a joint or joints

PrepTutorEJDIC

関節炎

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/09 10:36:05」(JST)

wiki en

Spondyloarthropathy or spondyloarthrosis refers to any joint disease of the vertebral column.^[1] As such, it is a class or category of diseases rather than a single, specific entity. It differs from spondylopathy, which is a disease of the vertebra itself. However, many conditions involve both spondylopathy and spondyloarthropathy.

Spondyloarthropathy with inflammation is called spondylarthritis. In the broadest sense, the term spondyloarthropathy includes joint involvement of vertebral column from any type of joint disease, including rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, but the term is often used for a specific group of disorders with certain common features, the group often being termed specifically seronegative spondylarthropathies. They have an increased incidence of HLA-B27, as well as negative rheumatoid factor and ANA. Enthesopathy is also sometimes present in association with seronegative spondarthritides^[clarify].

Nonvertebral symptoms of spondyloarthropathies include asymmetric peripheral arthritis (which is distinct from rheumatoid arthritis), arthritis of the toe interphalangeal joints, sausage digits, Achilles tendinitis, plantar fasciitis, costochondritis, iritis, and mucocutaneous lesions. However, lower back pain is the most common clinical presentation of the disease; this back pain is unique because it decreases with activity.^{[citation needed]}

Seronegative spondyloarthropathy

Seronegative spondyloarthropathy (or seronegative spondyloarthritis) is a group of diseases involving the axial skeleton^[2] and having a negative serostatus.

"Seronegative" refers to the fact that these diseases are negative for rheumatoid factor,^[3] indicating a different pathophysiological mechanism of disease than what is commonly seen in rheumatoid arthritis.

Conditions

The following conditions are typically included within the group of seronegative spondylarthropathies:

Condition	Percent of people with the condition who are HLA-B27 positive
Ankylosing spondylitis^[4]^[5]	Caucasians: 92%^[6] African-Americans:50%
Reactive arthritis^[4]^[5] (formerly known as Reiter's syndrome)	60-80%
enteropathic spondylitis or spondylitis associated with inflammatory bowel disease^[4]^[5] (including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis)	60%
Psoriatic arthritis^[4]^[5]	60%
Isolated acute anterior uveitis	50%
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy^[4]^[5] (USpA)	20-25%

Some sources also include Behcet's disease^{[citation needed]} and Whipple's disease.^[7]

Common characteristics

These diseases have the following conditions in common:

Seronegative (i.e. rheumatoid factor is not present)^[5]
They are in relation to HLA-B27^[8]
Inflammatory axial arthritis, generally sacroiliitis and spondylitis^[5]
Oligoarthritis, generally with asymmetrical presentation^[5]
Enthesitis^[5] (inflammation of the entheses, the sites where tendons or ligaments insert into the bone.^[9]^[10]), e.g. Plantar fasciitis, Achillis tendonitis, costochondritis.
familial aggregation occurs^[5]
Extra-articular features, such as involvement of eyes (anterior uveitis), skin, genitourinary tract,^[5] and aortic regurgitation
Overlap is likely between several of the causative conditions

Classification

Assessment of Spondylarthritis International Society (ASAS criteria) is used for classification of axial spondylarthritis (to be applied for patients with back pain greater than or equal to 3 months and age of onset less than 45 years).^[11] It is of two broad types:^[12]^[13]

Sacroiliitis on imaging plus 1 SpA feature, or
HLA-B27 plus 2 other SpA features

Sacroiliitis on imaging:^[11]

Active (acute) inflammation on MRI highly suggestive of SpA-associated sacroiliitis and/or
Definite radiographic sacroiliitis

SpA features:^[11]

Inflammatory back pain
Arthritis
Enthesitis
Anterior uveitis
Dactylitis
Psoriasis
Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis
Good response to NSAIDs
Family history of SpA
HLA-B27
Elevated CRP

Epidemiology

Worldwide prevalence of spondyloarthropathy is approximately 1.9%.^[14]

References

^ thefreedictionary.com/spondyloarthropathy citing:
- Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. © 2009
- Miller-Keane Encyclopedia & Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003
- Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3 ed. © 2007
^ Howe HS, Zhao L, Song YW et al. (February 2007). "Seronegative spondyloarthropathy--studies from the Asia Pacific region" (PDF). Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. 36 (2): 135–41. PMID 17364081.
^ "Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies: Joint Disorders: Merck Manual Professional". Retrieved 2008-12-15.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Luong AA, Salonen DC (August 2000). "Imaging of the seronegative spondyloarthropathies". Curr Rheumatol Rep 2 (4): 288–96. doi:10.1007/s11926-000-0065-z. PMID 11123073.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Elizabeth D Agabegi; Agabegi, Steven S. (2008). Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series). Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-7153-6.
^ Ankylosing Spondylitis and Undifferentiated Spondyloarthropathy Workup Author: Lawrence H Brent. Chief Editor: Herbert S Diamond. Updated: Apr 19, 2011
^ Várvölgyi C, Bubán T, Szakáll S et al. (April 2002). "Fever of unknown origin with seronegative spondyloarthropathy: an atypical manifestation of Whipple's disease". Ann. Rheum. Dis. 61 (4): 377–8. doi:10.1136/ard.61.4.377. PMC 1754069. PMID 11874851.
^ Shankarkumar U, Devraj JP, Ghosh K, Mohanty D (2002). "Seronegative spondarthritis and human leucocyte antigen association". Br. J. Biomed. Sci. 59 (1): 38–41. PMID 12000185.
^ Maria Antonietta D'Agostino, MD, Ignazio Olivieri, MD. (June 2006). "Enthesitis" 20 (3). Clinical Rheumatology. pp. 473–486. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2006.03.007. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ The Free Dictionary (2009). "Enthesitis". Retrieved 2010-11-27.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lipton, Sarah; Deodhar, Atul. "The new ASAS classification criteria for axial and peripheral spondyloarthritis: promises and pitfalls". International Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 7 (6): 675–682. doi:10.2217/ijr.12.61.
^ Rudwaleit, M; Landewe, R; van der Heijde, D; Listing, J; Brandt, J; Braun, J; Burgos-Vargas, R; Collantes-Estevez, E; Davis, J; Dijkmans, B; Dougados, M; Emery, P; van der Horst-Bruinsma, I E; Inman, R; Khan, M A; Leirisalo-Repo, M; van der Linden, S; Maksymowych, W P; Mielants, H; Olivieri, I; Sturrock, R; de Vlam, K; Sieper, J (17 March 2009). "The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part I): classification of paper patients by expert opinion including uncertainty appraisal". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 68 (6): 770–776. doi:10.1136/ard.2009.108217.
^ Rudwaleit, M; van der Heijde, D; Landewe, R; Listing, J; Akkoc, N; Brandt, J; Braun, J; Chou, C T; Collantes-Estevez, E; Dougados, M; Huang, F; Gu, J; Khan, M A; Kirazli, Y; Maksymowych, W P; Mielants, H; Sorensen, I J; Ozgocmen, S; Roussou, E; Valle-Onate, R; Weber, U; Wei, J; Sieper, J (17 March 2009). "The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part II): validation and final selection". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 68 (6): 777–783. doi:10.1136/ard.2009.108233.
^ Hoving JL, Lacaille D, Urquhart DM, Hannu TJ, Sluiter JK, Frings-Dresen MH (2014). "Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing job loss in workers with inflammatory arthritis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 11: CD010208. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010208.pub2. PMID 25375291.

External links

http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=-254803955^{[clarification needed]}
Information from the American College of Rheumatology
Spondyloarthropathies: Update on Diagnosis and Treatment from ConsultantLive

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 成人における多関節痛の評価 evaluation of the adult with polyarticular pain
2. 乾癬性関節炎の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis
3. 関節リウマチの診断および鑑別診断 diagnosis and differential diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis
4. Erythema elevatum diutinum
5. 成人における単関節痛の評価 evaluation of the adult with monoarticular pain

English Journal

The Association Between Schizophrenia and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Nationwide Population-Based Swedish Study on Intraindividual and Familial Risks.

Sellgren C1, Frisell T, Lichtenstein P, Landèn M, Askling J.Author information 1Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;AbstractNumerous studies have reported a reduced risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in schizophrenia. The mechanisms are unknown, but recent genome-wide association studies of schizophrenia have shown strong associations with markers spanning the major histocompatibility complex region, indicating a possible role for adaptive immunity also in schizophrenia. In this population-based cohort study, we assess the associations between RA and schizophrenia and the extent to which any observed associations are specific to RA/schizophrenia. We then extend the assessments per RA subtype and to risks in first-degree relatives. The study population included every individual identified in the Swedish Population Register born in Sweden between 1932 and 1989. The risk for RA in schizophrenia was significantly decreased (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.59-0.80), but similar reductions were noted for osteoarthritis (a noninflammatory joint disorder) and ankylosing spondylitis (a non-RA inflammatory disorder). Comparable associations were seen in schizoaffective subjects while no significant associations were observed in bipolar disorder. Overall, first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients were not at reduced risk of RA, but the risk for seronegative RA was significantly decreased in children and siblings of schizophrenia probands (HR = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.02-0.95 and HR = 0.67, 95% CI = 049-0.92, respectively). In conclusion, our intraindividual analyses suggest that differential misclassification bias is an important factor for the observed inverse association and emphasize the need of optimized care-provision for nonpsychiatric symptoms in schizophrenia patients. Our familial analyses indicted the possibility of an inverse coinheritance of schizophrenia and seronegative RA.
Schizophrenia bulletin.Schizophr Bull.2014 Apr 8. [Epub ahead of print]
Numerous studies have reported a reduced risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in schizophrenia. The mechanisms are unknown, but recent genome-wide association studies of schizophrenia have shown strong associations with markers spanning the major histocompatibility complex region, indicating a possible
PMID 24714379

Fine Mapping Seronegative and Seropositive Rheumatoid Arthritis to Shared and Distinct HLA Alleles by Adjusting for the Effects of Heterogeneity.

Han B1, Diogo D2, Eyre S3, Kallberg H4, Zhernakova A5, Bowes J3, Padyukov L4, Okada Y2, González-Gay MA6, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S7, Martin J8, Huizinga TW9, Plenge RM10, Worthington J3, Gregersen PK11, Klareskog L4, de Bakker PI12, Raychaudhuri S13.Author information 1Division of Genetics, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Partners HealthCare Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.2Division of Genetics, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Partners HealthCare Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.3Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Musculoskeletal Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.4Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.5Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands.6Rheumatology Division, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Instituto de Formación e Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain.7Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine and Department of Rheumatology, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden.8Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina Lopez-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.9Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.10Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Boston, MA 02115, USA.11The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.12Division of Genetics, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Departments of Epidemiology and Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.13Division of Genetics, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Partners HealthCare Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Musculoskeletal Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK. Electronic address: soumya@broadinstitute.org.AbstractDespite progress in defining human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles for anti-citrullinated-protein-autoantibody-positive (ACPA(+)) rheumatoid arthritis (RA), identifying HLA alleles for ACPA-negative (ACPA(-)) RA has been challenging because of clinical heterogeneity within clinical cohorts. We imputed 8,961 classical HLA alleles, amino acids, and SNPs from Immunochip data in a discovery set of 2,406 ACPA(-) RA case and 13,930 control individuals. We developed a statistical approach to identify and adjust for clinical heterogeneity within ACPA(-) RA and observed independent associations for serine and leucine at position 11 in HLA-DRβ1 (p = 1.4 × 10(-13), odds ratio [OR] = 1.30) and for aspartate at position 9 in HLA-B (p = 2.7 × 10(-12), OR = 1.39) within the peptide binding grooves. These amino acid positions induced associations at HLA-DRB1(∗)03 (encoding serine at 11) and HLA-B(∗)08 (encoding aspartate at 9). We validated these findings in an independent set of 427 ACPA(-) case subjects, carefully phenotyped with a highly sensitive ACPA assay, and 1,691 control subjects (HLA-DRβ1 Ser11+Leu11: p = 5.8 × 10(-4), OR = 1.28; HLA-B Asp9: p = 2.6 × 10(-3), OR = 1.34). Although both amino acid sites drove risk of ACPA(+) and ACPA(-) disease, the effects of individual residues at HLA-DRβ1 position 11 were distinct (p < 2.9 × 10(-107)). We also identified an association with ACPA(+) RA at HLA-A position 77 (p = 2.7 × 10(-8), OR = 0.85) in 7,279 ACPA(+) RA case and 15,870 control subjects. These results contribute to mounting evidence that ACPA(+) and ACPA(-) RA are genetically distinct and potentially have separate autoantigens contributing to pathogenesis. We expect that our approach might have broad applications in analyzing clinical conditions with heterogeneity at both major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and non-MHC regions.
American journal of human genetics.Am J Hum Genet.2014 Apr 3;94(4):522-32. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.02.013. Epub 2014 Mar 20.
Despite progress in defining human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles for anti-citrullinated-protein-autoantibody-positive (ACPA(+)) rheumatoid arthritis (RA), identifying HLA alleles for ACPA-negative (ACPA(-)) RA has been challenging because of clinical heterogeneity within clinical cohorts. We imput
PMID 24656864

Diagnosis and classification of autoimmune uveitis.

Selmi C.Author information Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; BIOMETRA Department, University of Milan, Italy. Electronic address: carlo.selmi@unimi.it.AbstractUveitis is the most common ophthalmological finding in the practice of rheumatology and clinical immunology. The condition is frequently idiopathic and defined by the inflammatory status of the uvea, the part of the middle eye that includes the iris, ciliary body and choroid. Anterior uveitis involves the iris and ciliary body, while the posterior form is limited to the retina and choroid. Both forms represent indications for an urgent evaluation by an ophthalmologist as untreated cases may cause blindness. Anterior uveitis is associated with the HLA-B27 allele and is a classification criterion for seronegative arthritis forms such as ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthropathy, arthritis associated with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and reactive arthritis. Posterior uveitis is associated with Behcet's disease and HLA-B51. The clinical suspicion is raised by self-reported symptoms in the case of anterior involvement and floaters for posterior uveitis while the diagnosis, in the absence of established criteria, is made by an experienced ophthalmologist.
Autoimmunity reviews.Autoimmun Rev.2014 April - May;13(4-5):591-594. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.006. Epub 2014 Jan 12.
Uveitis is the most common ophthalmological finding in the practice of rheumatology and clinical immunology. The condition is frequently idiopathic and defined by the inflammatory status of the uvea, the part of the middle eye that includes the iris, ciliary body and choroid. Anterior uveitis involv
PMID 24424168

Japanese Journal

臨床室痛風性関節炎が誘因と考えられたremitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema症候群の1例

福田宏成,箱﨑道之
整形外科 = Orthopedic surgery 64(7), 647-649, 2013-07
NAID 40019748013

HLA-B27陽性血清反応陰性脊椎関節炎に対しアダリムマブが有効であった2小児例

佐藤知実,野澤智,金髙太一,菊地雅子,櫻井のどか,山崎和子,桃井貴裕,生井良幸,横田俊平
日本臨床免疫学会会誌 36(6), 473-477, 2013
血清反応陰性脊椎関節炎はHLA-B27と強い相関が見られる脊椎関節炎で長期の罹患により脊椎関節の運動制限を来たす．小児期の血清反応陰性脊椎関節炎は脊椎関節痛を訴えず四肢の関節痛から発症することが多く診断が難しい．HLA-B27陽性血清反応陰性脊椎関節炎と診断し，アダリムマブ投与により疾患活動性のコントロールを行うことができた2小児例を経験した．症例1は15歳男児．頚部痛で発症し，HLA-B27 …
NAID 130003383179

肩単関節炎で発症し病理結果が感染と診断された多発関節炎の一例

山川晃,田崎篤,森田亘,黒田栄史,星川吉光
肩関節 36(3), 1057-1061, 2012
… The initial symptoms of connective tissue disease sometimes present as arthritis of the shoulder. … We experienced a case of seronegative spondyloarthropathy(SpA) starting from the shoulder. … After introducing Azulfidin, his clinical course and inflammatory signs showed a reduction.<BR>The initial symptoms of connective tissue disease sometimes present as arthritis of the shoulder. …
NAID 130002103512

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「血清反応陰性脊椎関節症」
関連記事	「seronegative」

「血清反応陰性脊椎関節症」

Spondyloarthropathy
Classification and external resources
ICD-10	M40 through M54
ICD-9	720, 721, 722, 723, 724

　　[★]

英: seronegative spondyloarthropathy SNSA
同: 血清反応陰性関節炎 seronegative arthritis ←　こちらの方がよく使われている印象がある
関: 脊椎炎、仙腸関節疾患

[show details]

血清反応陰性関節炎 : 約 30,200 件
血清反応陰性関節症 : 23 件
血清反応陰性脊椎関節炎 : 約 34,700 件
血清反応陰性脊椎関節症 : 約 26,700 件

リウマトイド因子が陰性であるのが特徴である。

強直性脊椎炎：リウマトイド因子陰性で脊椎と仙腸関節が侵される疾患。HLA-B27は95%前後陽性。若年男性に好発。骨性強直をきたす。ぶどう膜炎や大動脈弁閉鎖不全症を合併しうる。
乾癬性関節炎：リウマトイド因子陰性で乾癬と様々な多関節炎を呈する疾患。HLA-B27陽性が多く、性差はなく若～中年に好発。手指ではDIP関節を冒し、脊椎炎、仙腸関節炎もきたしうる。
Reiter症候群反応性関節炎：泌尿生殖器(尿道炎)ではクラミジア、消化管(細菌性下痢)ではサルモネラ、赤痢菌、エルシニア、カンピロバクターによる感染後、1-3週間で関節炎を生じる。HLA-B27陽性が多い。1-3の関節(大関節に多い)が非対称性に侵され、仙腸関節炎、脊椎炎、腱付着部炎を伴う。関節炎、結膜炎、尿道炎はライター三徴と呼ばれる。

Crohn病：消化管のあらゆる部位に非連続性に起こる原因不明・全層性の慢性肉芽腫性炎症疾患である。10歳後半から20歳代の若年者に多く、また男性に多い。消化管外症状として関節炎、強直脊椎炎をきたしうる。

	強直性脊椎炎	反応性関節炎	乾癬性関節炎	クローン病
性差	男＞女	男＞女	男≧女	男＝女
発症年齢	20歳以上	20歳以上	無関係	無関係
関節症状発症部位	大関節(脊椎、仙腸関節、股・肩)	大関節(膝、足)	DIP関節	下肢関節
特徴	大動脈閉鎖不全虹彩毛様体炎房室ブロック	尿道炎結膜炎	乾癬	腸管全層炎
HLA-27陽性率(%)	90	90	20	5?

「seronegative」

　　[★]

血清陰性の

関: seronegativity

[1] thefreedictionary.com/spondyloarthropathy citing:

Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. © 2009

Miller-Keane Encyclopedia & Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003

Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3 ed. © 2007

[2] Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. © 2009

[3] Miller-Keane Encyclopedia & Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003

[4] Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3 ed. © 2007

[pmid17364081-2] Howe HS, Zhao L, Song YW et al. (February 2007). "Seronegative spondyloarthropathy--studies from the Asia Pacific region" (PDF). Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. 36 (2): 135–41. PMID 17364081.

[3] "Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies: Joint Disorders: Merck Manual Professional". Retrieved 2008-12-15.

[pmid11123073-4] Luong AA, Salonen DC (August 2000). "Imaging of the seronegative spondyloarthropathies". Curr Rheumatol Rep 2 (4): 288–96. doi:10.1007/s11926-000-0065-z. PMID 11123073.

[agabegi2nd257-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Elizabeth D Agabegi; Agabegi, Steven S. (2008). Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series). Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-7153-6.

[6] Ankylosing Spondylitis and Undifferentiated Spondyloarthropathy Workup Author: Lawrence H Brent. Chief Editor: Herbert S Diamond. Updated: Apr 19, 2011

[pmid11874851-7] Várvölgyi C, Bubán T, Szakáll S et al. (April 2002). "Fever of unknown origin with seronegative spondyloarthropathy: an atypical manifestation of Whipple's disease". Ann. Rheum. Dis. 61 (4): 377–8. doi:10.1136/ard.61.4.377. PMC 1754069. PMID 11874851.

[pmid12000185-8] Shankarkumar U, Devraj JP, Ghosh K, Mohanty D (2002). "Seronegative spondarthritis and human leucocyte antigen association". Br. J. Biomed. Sci. 59 (1): 38–41. PMID 12000185.

[9] Maria Antonietta D'Agostino, MD, Ignazio Olivieri, MD. (June 2006). "Enthesitis" 20 (3). Clinical Rheumatology. pp. 473–486. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2006.03.007. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); |accessdate= requires |url= (help)

[10] The Free Dictionary (2009). "Enthesitis". Retrieved 2010-11-27.

[ASAS-11] Lipton, Sarah; Deodhar, Atul. "The new ASAS classification criteria for axial and peripheral spondyloarthritis: promises and pitfalls". International Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 7 (6): 675–682. doi:10.2217/ijr.12.61.

[12] Rudwaleit, M; Landewe, R; van der Heijde, D; Listing, J; Brandt, J; Braun, J; Burgos-Vargas, R; Collantes-Estevez, E; Davis, J; Dijkmans, B; Dougados, M; Emery, P; van der Horst-Bruinsma, I E; Inman, R; Khan, M A; Leirisalo-Repo, M; van der Linden, S; Maksymowych, W P; Mielants, H; Olivieri, I; Sturrock, R; de Vlam, K; Sieper, J (17 March 2009). "The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part I): classification of paper patients by expert opinion including uncertainty appraisal". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 68 (6): 770–776. doi:10.1136/ard.2009.108217.

[13] Rudwaleit, M; van der Heijde, D; Landewe, R; Listing, J; Akkoc, N; Brandt, J; Braun, J; Chou, C T; Collantes-Estevez, E; Dougados, M; Huang, F; Gu, J; Khan, M A; Kirazli, Y; Maksymowych, W P; Mielants, H; Sorensen, I J; Ozgocmen, S; Roussou, E; Valle-Onate, R; Weber, U; Wei, J; Sieper, J (17 March 2009). "The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part II): validation and final selection". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 68 (6): 777–783. doi:10.1136/ard.2009.108233.

[Cochrane-14] Hoving JL, Lacaille D, Urquhart DM, Hannu TJ, Sluiter JK, Frings-Dresen MH (2014). "Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing job loss in workers with inflammatory arthritis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 11: CD010208. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010208.pub2. PMID 25375291.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

seronegative arthritis