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- =sepulcher
- (聖書で)偽善者(hypocrite) = whited sepulcher 白く塗った墓
- 墓地,墓
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/05/31 12:11:24」(JST)
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For places in Iran, see Tomb, Iran.
"Tombs" redirects here. For other uses, see Tombs (disambiguation).
"Sepulchre" redirects here. For other uses, see Sepulchre (disambiguation).
Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah, Agra
Tomb of Akbar in Akbar's Tomb
A type of tomb: a mausoleum in Père Lachaise Cemetery.
The Pyramid tomb of Khufu
Tombs and sarcophagi at Hierapolis
A tomb (from Greek: τύμβος tumbos)[1] is a repository for the remains of the dead. It is generally any structurally enclosed interment space or burial chamber, of varying sizes.
Overview
The word is used in a broad sense to encompass a number of such types of places of interment or, occasionally, burial, including:
- Architectural shrines – in Christianity, an architectural shrine above a saint's first place of burial, as opposed to a similar shrine on which stands a reliquary or feretory into which the saint's remains have been transferred
- Burial vault – a stone or brick-lined underground space for multiple burials, originally vaulted, often privately owned for specific family groups; usually beneath a religious building such as a church or in a churchyard or cemetery
- Church monument – within a church (or a tomb-style chest in a churchyard) may be a place of interment, but this is unusual; it may more commonly stand over the grave or burial vault rather than containing the actual body and therefore is not a tomb.
- Crypts – often, though not always, for interment; similar to burial vaults but usually for more general public interment
- Hypogeum tomb - stone-built underground structure for interment, such as the tombs of ancient Egypt
- Kokh – a rectangular rock-cut sloping space, running inward, like tunnels into rock, sufficiently high and wide to permit the admission of a corpse
- Martyria – Mausolea for the remains of martyrs, such as San Pietro in Montorio
- Mausoleum (including ancient pyramid in some countries) – external free-standing structure, above ground, acting as both monument and place of interment, usually for individuals or a family group
- Megalithic tomb (including Chamber tomb) – prehistoric place of interment, often for large communities, constructed of large stones and originally covered with an earthen mound
- Pillar tomb – a monumental grave. Its central feature is a single, prominent pillar or column, often made of stone.
- Rock-cut tomb – a form widespread in the ancient world, in which the tomb is not built but carved out of the rock and can be a free-standing building but is more commonly a cave, which may be extensive and may or may not have an elaborate facade.
- Sarcophagus – a stone container for a body or coffin, often decorated and perhaps part of a monument; it may stand within a religious building or greater tomb or mausoleum.
- Sepulchre – a cavernous rock-cut space for interment, generally in the Jewish or Christian faiths (cf. Holy Sepulchre)
- Samadhi – in India a tomb for a deceased saint that often has a larger building over it as a shrine
- Other forms of archaeological "tombs", such as ship burials
- Tumulus – (plural: tumuli) A mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Tumuli are also known as barrows, burial mounds, Hügelgräber or kurgans', and can be found throughout much of the world. A cairn (a mound of stones built for various purposes), might also be originally a tumulus. A long barrow is a long tumulus, usually for numbers of burials.
As indicated, tombs are generally located in or under religious buildings, such as churches, or in cemeteries or churchyards. However, they may also be found in catacombs, on private land or, in the case of early or pre-historic tombs, in what is today open landscape.
The tomb of Emperor Nintoku (the 16th Emperor of Japan) is the largest in the world by area.[citation needed] However, the Pyramid of Khufu in Egypt is the largest by volume.
See also
- Cadaver tomb
- Catacombs of Rome
- Church monument
- Dartmoor kistvaens
- Death in Norse paganism
- English church monuments
- Funerary art
- Grave
- Ossuary
- List of extant papal tombs
- List of mausolea
- List of non-extant papal tombs
- List of tombs and mausoleums
- Samadhi (shrine)
References
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tombs. |
- ^ τύμβος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
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- GND: 4021732-2
- NDL: 00563668
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English Journal
- Intrinsic feedbacks in MAPK signaling cascades lead to bistability and oscillations.
- Sepulchre JA1, Ventura AC.Author information 1Institut Non Linéaire de Nice, UMR 7335 CNRS, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, 1361 route des Lucioles, 06560 Valbonne, France. jacques-alexandre.sepulchre@inln.cnrs.frAbstractPrevious studies have demonstrated that double phosphorylation of a protein can lead to bistability if some conditions are fulfilled. It was also shown that the signaling behavior of a covalent modification cycle can be quantitatively and, more importantly, qualitatively modified when this cycle is coupled to a signaling pathway as opposed to being isolated. This property was named retroactivity. These two results are studied together in this paper showing the existence of interesting phenomena--oscillations and bistability--in signaling cascades possessing at least one stage with a double-phosphorylation cycle as in MAPK cascades.
- Acta biotheoretica.Acta Biotheor.2013 Mar;61(1):59-78. doi: 10.1007/s10441-013-9177-5. Epub 2013 Feb 12.
- Previous studies have demonstrated that double phosphorylation of a protein can lead to bistability if some conditions are fulfilled. It was also shown that the signaling behavior of a covalent modification cycle can be quantitatively and, more importantly, qualitatively modified when this cycle is
- PMID 23400325
- A balance equation determines a switch in neuronal excitability.
- Franci A1, Drion G, Seutin V, Sepulchre R.Author information 1INRIA Lille-Nord Europe, Orchestron Project, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.AbstractWe use the qualitative insight of a planar neuronal phase portrait to detect an excitability switch in arbitrary conductance-based models from a simple mathematical condition. The condition expresses a balance between ion channels that provide a negative feedback at resting potential (restorative channels) and those that provide a positive feedback at resting potential (regenerative channels). Geometrically, the condition imposes a transcritical bifurcation that rules the switch of excitability through the variation of a single physiological parameter. Our analysis of six different published conductance based models always finds the transcritical bifurcation and the associated switch in excitability, which suggests that the mathematical predictions have a physiological relevance and that a same regulatory mechanism is potentially involved in the excitability and signaling of many neurons.
- PLoS computational biology.PLoS Comput Biol.2013;9(5):e1003040. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003040. Epub 2013 May 23.
- We use the qualitative insight of a planar neuronal phase portrait to detect an excitability switch in arbitrary conductance-based models from a simple mathematical condition. The condition expresses a balance between ion channels that provide a negative feedback at resting potential (restorative ch
- PMID 23717194
- Modelling the onset of virulence in pathogenic bacteria.
- Kepseu WD1, Van Gijsegem F, Sepulchre JA.Author information 1Institut Non Linéaire de Nice, CNRS UMR 6618, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France.AbstractBacterial virulence is a multifactorial process. In this chapter, we review some known mechanisms used by bacteria to trigger their production of virulence factors. We develop the idea that although the onset of virulence shows up an abrupt transition, the modelling of this dynamics can be classified in two qualitatively distinct infectious transitions which are respectively called "shift" or "switch." We review methods enabling one to determine the types of behaviour that can be exhibited by a given model and we consider applications in three cases of virulence factor regulation. We conclude that in most cases a "successful" infection would require that the onset of virulence follows an irreversible switch behaviour.
- Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.).Methods Mol Biol.2012;804:501-17. doi: 10.1007/978-1-61779-361-5_25.
- Bacterial virulence is a multifactorial process. In this chapter, we review some known mechanisms used by bacteria to trigger their production of virulence factors. We develop the idea that although the onset of virulence shows up an abrupt transition, the modelling of this dynamics can be classifie
- PMID 22144169
Japanese Journal
- 模倣と修整、アルベルティによるルチェッラーイ礼拝堂の聖墳墓
- 15世紀の西欧における聖地エルサレム模造の変化と展開
- SNRの環境への取組み (特集 環境対応) -- (環境負荷低減活動)
Related Links
- Also called Easter sepulcher. Ecclesiastical. a cavity in a mensa for containing relics of martyrs. a structure or a recess in some old churches in which the ... Also called Easter sepulchre. a separate alcove in some medieval ...
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