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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/19 16:37:19」(JST)

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Semisynthesis or partial chemical synthesis is a type of chemical synthesis that uses compounds isolated from natural sources (e.g. plant material or bacterial or cell cultures) as starting materials. These natural biomolecules are often large and complex molecules. This is opposed to a total synthesis where large molecules are synthesized through a stepwise combination of small and inexpensive (usually petrochemical) building blocks.

Semisynthesis is usually used when the precursor molecule is too structurally complex, too costly, or too difficult to be produced by total synthesis. From a synthesis viewpoint, life is capable of biosynthesizing structurally complex chemical compound. In some cases, with a small agricultural investment, a plant can be grown to produce chemical intermediates that chemical synthesis would struggle to produce. Elaboration of these intermediates with synthetic chemistry can then cost-effectively provide the complex final targets.

Drugs derived from natural sources are usually produced by harvesting the natural source or through semisynthetic methods: one example is the semisynthesis of LSD from ergotamine, which is isolated from ergot fungus cultures. The commercial production of paclitaxel is also based on semisynthesis (see paclitaxel total synthesis).

The antimalarial drug artemether (a component of Coartem) is a semisynthetic drug derived from naturally occurring artemisinin. Artemisinin contains an undesirable lactone group and which is replaced by an acetal through organic reduction with potassium borohydride and methoxylation:^[1]

References

^ An Improved Manufacturing Process for the Antimalaria Drug Coartem. Part IMatthias Boehm, Peter C. Fuenfschilling, Matthias Krieger, Ernst Kuesters, and Fritz Struber Org. Process Res. Dev.; 2007; 11(3) pp 336 - 340; (Article) doi:10.1021/op0602425

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1. メチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌（MRSA）：微生物学methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus mrsa microbiology [show details]
… Methicillin is a semisynthetic beta-lactamase–resistant penicillin that was introduced in 1959; shortly thereafter, methicillin-resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci …
2. 血液透析膜の生体適合性についての臨床結果clinical consequences of hemodialysis membrane biocompatibility [show details]
…four different types of dialysis membranes: high-flux synthetic, low-flux synthetic, low-flux semisynthetic, or cellulosic low-flux membranes . Compared with low-flux synthetic membranes (biocompatible) …
3. 駆虫薬療法anthelminthic therapies [show details]
…considerations for specific helminth infections are discussed separately. Ivermectin is a semisynthetic derivative of avermectin, which is derived from the soil mold Streptomyces avermitilis. Ivermectin…
4. コアグラーゼ陰性ブドウ球菌感染症：治療infection due to coagulase negative staphylococci treatment [show details]
…Resistance to penicillin among CoNS approaches 90 to 95 percent. Resistance to methicillin and semisynthetic penicillins has been observed in more than 80 percent of CoNS isolates ; these isolates are often …
5. ペニシリンアレルギー：即時型過敏反応penicillin allergy immediate reactions [show details]
…among patients with cystic fibrosis who often receive frequent high-dose parenteral courses of semisynthetic penicillins . The different reagents used in penicillin skin testing and strategies for detecting …

English Journal

Minocycline and cisplatin exert synergistic growth suppression on hepatocellular carcinoma by inducing S phase arrest and apoptosis.

Liu FY1, Wu YH1, Zhou SJ1, Deng YL2, Zhang ZY1, Zhang EL1, Huang ZY1.
Oncology reports.Oncol Rep.2014 Aug;32(2):835-44. doi: 10.3892/or.2014.3248. Epub 2014 Jun 12.
Minocycline, a semisynthetic tetracycline, is a highly lipophilic molecule capable of infiltrating tissues and blood. Previous studies have revealed the functions and mechanisms of minocycline in anti-inflammation, protection of the nervous system and certain tumors. The role of minocycline has neve
PMID 24919588

Dysoxylum binectariferum bark as a new source of anticancer drug camptothecin: Bioactivity-guided isolation and LCMS-based quantification.

Jain SK1, Meena S1, Gupta AP2, Kushwaha M2, Uma Shaanker R3, Jaglan S2, Bharate SB4, Vishwakarma RA5.
Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters.Bioorg Med Chem Lett.2014 Jul 15;24(14):3146-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.05.001. Epub 2014 May 10.
Camptothecin (CPT, 1) is a potent anticancer natural product which led to the discovery of two clinically used anticancer drugs topotecan and irinotecan. These two drugs are semisynthetic analogs of CPT, and thus the commercial production of CPT as a raw material from various plant sources and tissu
PMID 24878199

Building proficient enzymes with foldamer prostheses.

Mayer C1, Müller MM, Gellman SH, Hilvert D.
Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English).Angew Chem Int Ed Engl.2014 Jul 1;53(27):6978-81. doi: 10.1002/anie.201400945. Epub 2014 May 14.
Foldamers are non-natural oligomers that adopt stable conformations reminiscent of those found in proteins. To evaluate the potential of foldameric subunits for catalysis, semisynthetic enzymes containing foldamer fragments constructed from α- and β-amino acid residues were designed and characteri
PMID 24828837