半透膜

WordNet

a thin pliable sheet of material
a pliable sheet of tissue that covers or lines or connects the organs or cells of animals or plants (同)tissue layer
(of a membrane) selectively permeable

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(生物の)膜,皮膜
(膜などが)半透性の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/11 01:32:24」(JST)

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Scheme of semipermeable membrane during hemodialysis, where blood is red, dialysing fluid is blue, and the membrane is yellow.

A semipermeable membrane, also termed a selectively permeable membrane, a partially permeable membrane or a differentially permeable membrane, is a type of biological membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion and occasionally specialized "facilitated diffusion," along with other types of passive transport and active transport.

The rate of passage depends on the pressure, concentration, and temperature of the molecules or solutes on either side, as well as the permeability of the membrane to each solute. Depending on the membrane and the solute, permeability may depend on solute size, solubility, properties, or chemistry. How the membrane is constructed to be selective in its permeability will determine the rate and the permeability. Many natural and synthetic materials thicker than a membrane are also semipermeable. One example of this is the thin film on the inside of an egg.

An example of a semi-permeable membrane is the lipid bilayer, on which is based the plasma membrane that surrounds all biological cells. A group of phospholipids (consisting of a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails) arranged into a double-layer, the phospholipid bilayer is a semipermeable membrane that is very specific in its permeability. The hydrophilic phosphate heads are in the outside layer and exposed to the water content outside and within the cell. The hydrophobic tails are the layer hidden in the inside of the membrane. The phospholipid bilayer is the most permeable to small, uncharged solutes. Protein channels float through the phospholipids, and, collectively, this model is known as the fluid mosaic model.

In the process of reverse osmosis, thin film composite membranes (TFC or TFM) are used. These are semipermeable membranes manufactured principally for use in water purification or desalination systems. They also have use in chemical applications such as batteries and fuel cells. In essence, a TFC material is a molecular sieve constructed in the form of a film from two or more layered materials. Prof. Sidney Loeb and Srinivasa Sourirajan invented the first practical synthetic semi-permeable membrane.^[1]

Membranes used in reverse osmosis are, in general, made out of polyamide, chosen primarily for its permeability to water and relative impermeability to various dissolved impurities including salt ions and other small molecules that cannot be filtered. Another example of a semipermeable membrane is dialysis tubing.

Other types are cation exchange membrane (CEM), charge mosaic membrane (CMM), bipolar membrane (BPM), anion exchange membrane (AEM)^[2] alkali anion exchange membrane (AAEM) and proton exchange membrane (PEM).

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called osmosis.This allows only certain particles to go through including water and leaving behind the solutes including salt and other contaminants.^[3]

References

^ "High flow porous membranes for separating water from saline solutions US 3133132 A". May 12, 1964. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
^ RA, Rozendal; Sleutels TH; Hamelers HV; Buisman CJ (2008). "Effect of the type of ion exchange membrane on performance, ion transport, and pH in biocatalyzed electrolysis of wastewater". PubMed 57 (11): 1757–62. doi:10.2166/wst.2008.043. PMID 18547927. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
^ [1]

External links

EuroMemHouse - European Membrane House
Membrane terminology. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry recommendations.
[2]

UpToDate Contents

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1. 腹膜透析における溶質クリアランスおよび限外濾過の機序 mechanisms of solute clearance and ultrafiltration in peritoneal dialysis
2. 糖尿病性足部潰瘍のマネージメント management of diabetic foot ulcers
3. 血液-血液透析膜の相互作用に関与する生化学的機序 biochemical mechanisms involved in blood hemodialysis membrane interactions
4. 血液透析装置の概要 overview of the hemodialysis apparatus
5. 赤血球細胞膜の動態および機構 red blood cell membrane dynamics and organization

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