WordNet

a silvery soft waxy metallic element of the alkali metal group; occurs abundantly in natural compounds (especially in salt water); burns with a yellow flame and reacts violently in water; occurs in sea water and in the mineral halite (rock salt) (同)Na, atomic number 11

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ソジウム,ナトリウム(金属元素;化学記号はNa)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/01 13:56:15」(JST)

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Secobarbital sodium (marketed by Eli Lilly and Company, and subsequently by other companies as described below, under the brand name Seconal) is a barbiturate derivative drug that was patented in 1934 in the US.^[2] It possesses anaesthetic, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, and hypnotic properties. In the United Kingdom, it was known as Quinalbarbitone.

Indications

Secobarbital is indicated for:

Treatment of epilepsy
Temporary treatment of insomnia
Use as a preoperative medication to produce anaesthesia and anxiolysis in short surgical, diagnostic, or therapeutic procedures which are minimally painful.

Availability

Ranbaxy Pharmaceuticals, an India-based company now predominantly owned by the Japanese company Daiichi Sankyo, obtained the rights to market and to use the trade name "Seconal" from Eli Lilly in 1998, and did so until September 18, 2008. The actual manufacturer of Seconal subsequent to the time Eli Lilly manufactured the drug is Ohm Pharmaceuticals, a wholly owned subsidiary of Ranbaxy. The rights to market Seconal were then sold to Marathon Pharmaceuticals,^[3] the current marketer / trade-name holder. However, Seconal is still manufactured by Ohm. In the United States, Seconal is available only in 100 mg capsules, as a sodium salt. The salt is a white hygroscopic powder that is soluble in water and ethanol.

Secobarbital sodium

The sodium salt of secobarbital is classified separately from the free acid, as follows:

CAS number: 309-43-3
Chemical formula: C₁₂H₁₈N₂NaO₃
Molecular weight: 260.265

Side effects

Possible side effects of secobarbital include:

Somnolence
Impaired motor functions
- Impaired coordination
- Impaired balance
- Dizziness
Anxiety
Confusion
Agitation, irritability, or excitability
Headache
Nausea
Vomiting
Nightmares
Increased sensitivity to pain
Allergic reactions
- Difficulty breathing
- Edema
- Urticaria

Withdrawal

Secobarbital may produce psychological addiction and produces physical dependence if used for an extended period of time. Withdrawal symptoms may occur if long-term usage is abruptly ended, and can include:

Anxiety
Insomnia
Lack of appetite
Seizures
Tremors
Possible death as a result of withdrawal

Recreational use

Secobarbital was widely misused in the 1960s and 1970s, and accidental overdose was associated with the drug. It was linked with the death of Judy Garland, where the postmortem found that her blood contained the equivalent of ten 1.5-grain (97 mg) Seconal capsules.^{[citation needed]} Consequently, prescription of Seconal decreased greatly, beginning in the early 1980s, by which time benzodiazepines had become increasingly common. Secobarbital has acquired many nicknames, the most common being "reds", "red devils", or "red dillies" (because of the color of the capsules). Other common nicknames are "seccies" and, according to the Wegman's School of Pharmacy curriculum, "red hearts." A less common nickname is "dolls"; this was partly responsible for the title of Jacqueline Susann's novel Valley of the Dolls, whose main characters use secobarbital and other such drugs.

Another celebrity death attributed to secobarbital was that of Anissa Jones (a child star who played Buffy on Family Affair) on August 28, 1976. It was detected in her system, along with cocaine, PCP and methaqualone, but it was the only pharmaceutical in her toxicology report which led to homicide charges against a vendor, that being Dr. Don Carlos Moshos, who dispensed it without a proper cause or examination (as well as for Jones' recreational use), according to a postmortem criminal investigation.

Use in physician assisted dying

Secobarbital, along with Pentobarbital, are the most common drugs prescribed under physician assisted dying laws in Oregon since 1998, Washington since 2008, Vermont since 2013, and New Mexico since 2014.^[4]^[5]^[6] Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited previously experienced various issues in their attempts to produce 100 mg secobarbital capsules. Currently, Marathon Pharmaceuticals is the sole marketer of the drug in the United States, although the drug remains manufactured by Ohm Laboratories.

It is a component in the veterinary drug Somulose, used for euthanasia of horses and cattle.

References

^ ^a ^b Lexi-Comp. "Secobarbital".
^ US patent 1954429, Shonle, H. A., "Propyl-Methyl Carbinyl Allyl Barbituric Acid and its Salts", issued 1934-04-10, assigned to Eli Lilly
^ "» Seconal Sodium®". Marathonpharma.com. 2013-07-31. Retrieved 2014-03-05.
^ Elizabeth Trice Loggers, M.D., Ph.D et al. (April 11, 2013). "Implementing a Death with Dignity Program at a Comprehensive Cancer Center". New England Journal of Medicine.
^ "Oregon’s Death with Dignity Act 2013 Report" (PDF). Oregon Health Authority. January 28, 2014.
^ Katrina Hedberg, M.D., M.P.H. et al. (March 6, 2003). "Five Years of Legal Physician-Assisted Suicide in Oregon". New England Journal of Medicine.

External links

Marathon Pharmaceuticals - Seconal Full prescribing information for the United States.
Drugs.com - Secobarbital
RxList.com - Secobarbital Consumer information.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. Responding to requests for physician-assisted death
2. 陣痛の潜伏相 latent phase of labor
3. 陣痛および分娩時の疼痛の薬理学的マネージメント pharmacologic management of pain during labor and delivery
4. 薬物乱用検査（DOA） testing for drugs of abuse doa

English Journal

[Clinical observation on fire needles at bones combined with cupping and Tuina for knee osteoarthritistis].

Gao YL1, Yao JH, Guo JX.
Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion.Zhongguo Zhen Jiu.2013 Aug;33(8):697-9.
OBJECTIVE: To explore a better therapy for knee osteoarthritis.METHODS: One hundred cases were randomly divided into a comprehensive group and an acupuncture group, 50 cases in each one. The comprehensive treatment of fire needles at bones combined with cupping and Tuina on local area of affected kn
PMID 24195209

Palliative care: Secobarbital in Seattle--why lose sleep?

Chochinov HM1.
Nature reviews. Clinical oncology.Nat Rev Clin Oncol.2013 Jul;10(7):369-70. doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2013.88. Epub 2013 May 28.
PMID 23712189

Implementing a Death with Dignity program at a comprehensive cancer center.

Loggers ET1, Starks H, Shannon-Dudley M, Back AL, Appelbaum FR, Stewart FM.
The New England journal of medicine.N Engl J Med.2013 Apr 11;368(15):1417-24. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsa1213398.
BACKGROUND: The majority of Death with Dignity participants in Washington State and Oregon have received a diagnosis of terminal cancer. As more states consider legislation regarding physician-assisted death, the experience of a comprehensive cancer center may be informative.METHODS: We describe the
PMID 23574120

Japanese Journal

REACTION OF ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENTS WITH AGLYCONES AND ERYTHROPHLEUM ALKALOIDS

Takeya Norihide [他],CHEN K.K.
The Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 23(1), 65-76, 1973
… effects of DCI or BW 62-235 on the arrhythmia caused by 3 erythro-phleum alkaloids, 6 aglycones and 2 glycosides were investigated in the cat anesthetized with sodium secobarbital.<BR>Generally speaking, these agents were ineffective against coumingine or erythro-phleine arrhythmia, although arrhythmia shortening action was observed in a few cases with cassaine.<BR>These agents were ineffective against gitaloxigenin arrhythmia, however, did show evident antiarrhythmic action against digitoxigenin or periplogenin.&lt …
NAID 130001942916

心脈管系薬に関する研究-9-イヌの実験不整脈に対する1-tert-Butylamino-3-〔o-(tetrahydro-furfuryloxy)phenoxy〕-2-propanol hydrochloride(Y-6124)の効果

中西美智夫 [他],今村博,中村忠男
日本薬理学雑誌 68(2), 240-253, 1972
… 1-tert-Butylamino-3-[o-(tetrahydrofurfuryloxy)phenoxy]-2-propanol hydrochloride (Y-6124) inhibited at each dose of 50, 100 or 500μg/kg administered intravenously arrhythmia induced by rapid intravenous injection of 10μg/kg epinephrine in dogs anesthetized with sodium secobarbital, or arrhythmia induced by continuous infusion of 5μg/kg/ min epinephrine into the vein of a dog anesthetized with fluothane. …
NAID 130000757672

医薬品分析における反応機構(第3報) : 5-アリルバルビツール酸類の塩酸-過酸化水素との反応

気賀沢和雄 [他],清水弘明,岩田武彦,田中尚純,中黒秀長,佐藤文夫,亀谷哲治
藥學雜誌 90(5), 532-536, 1970-05-25
… Pretreatment of secobarbital (I) with hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide was found to make it possible to determine I by the dimethylglyoxime-thiosemicarbazide method used generally for the determination of barbituric acids and, in order to elucidate this reaction mechanism, reaction of I with hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide was examined and a reaction product (IV) was isolated. …
NAID 110003654411

「セコバルビタール」

Secobarbital
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	5-[(2R)-pentan-2-yl]-5-prop-2-enyl-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione
Clinical data
Trade names	Seconal
AHFS/Drugs.com	Consumer Drug Information
MedlinePlus	a682386
Pregnancy; category	D (United States);
Legal status	US: Schedule II, except when combined in a dosage unit with another active drug (in which case Schedule III);
Routes of; administration	Oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	?
Protein binding	45-60%
Metabolism	Hepatic
Half-life	15-40 hours
Excretion	Renal
Identifiers
CAS Registry Number	76-73-3
ATC code	N05CA06 QN51AA02
PubChem	CID 5193
DrugBank	DB00418
ChemSpider	5005
UNII	1P7H87IN75
KEGG	D00430
ChEBI	CHEBI:9073
ChEMBL	CHEMBL447
Chemical data
Formula	C12H18N2O3
Molecular mass	238.283
	SMILES O=C1NC(NC(C1(CC=C)C(CCC)C)=O)=O;
	InChI InChI=1S/C12H18N2O3/c1-4-6-8(3)12(7-5-2)9(15)13-11(17)14-10(12)16/h5,8H,2,4,6-7H2,1,3H3,(H2,13,14,15,16,17) ; Key:KQPKPCNLIDLUMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
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　　[★]

英: secobarbital
化: セコバルビタールナトリウム secobarbital sodium
商: アイオナール

[merck-1] Lexi-Comp. "Secobarbital".

[2] US patent 1954429, Shonle, H. A., "Propyl-Methyl Carbinyl Allyl Barbituric Acid and its Salts", issued 1934-04-10, assigned to Eli Lilly

[3] "» Seconal Sodium®". Marathonpharma.com. 2013-07-31. Retrieved 2014-03-05.

[4] Elizabeth Trice Loggers, M.D., Ph.D et al. (April 11, 2013). "Implementing a Death with Dignity Program at a Comprehensive Cancer Center". New England Journal of Medicine.

[5] "Oregon’s Death with Dignity Act 2013 Report" (PDF). Oregon Health Authority. January 28, 2014.

[6] Katrina Hedberg, M.D., M.P.H. et al. (March 6, 2003). "Five Years of Legal Physician-Assisted Suicide in Oregon". New England Journal of Medicine.

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secobarbital sodium