This article is about the bone. For the Roman Catholic sacramental pendant, see Scapular. For the Roman Governor of Britain, see Publius Ostorius Scapula.
"Shoulderblade" redirects here. For the community in the United States, see Shoulderblade, Kentucky.
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| The upper picture is an anterior view of the thorax and shoulder girdle. The lower picture is a posterior view of the thorax (scapula shown in red.) |
| Latin |
Scapula |
| Gray's |
subject #50 202 |
| MeSH |
Scapula |
| TA |
A02.4.01.001 |
| FMA |
FMA:13394 |
In anatomy, the scapula (plural scapulae) (Medical Latin), or shoulder blade, is the bone that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone). Medically known as the scapula, it is thought that the word "scapula" came from Greek σκάπτειν (skaptein), meaning "to dig". In early Roman times, people thought the bone resembled a trowel, a small shovel. The shoulder blade is also called omo in Latin medical terminology.
The scapula forms the posterior (back) located part of the shoulder girdle. In humans, it is a flat bone, roughly triangular in shape, placed on a posterolateral aspect of the thoracic cage.
Contents
- 1 Structure
- 1.1 Surfaces
- 1.1.1 Costal (Front, Ventral, Anterior)
- 1.1.2 Dorsal (Back, Posterior)
- 1.2 Borders
- 1.3 Angles
- 1.4 The acromion
- 2 Development
- 3 Muscular attachments
- 4 Movements
- 5 Injury
- 6 Shoulder Impingement Syndrome and the Scapula
- 7 In other animals
- 8 Gallery
- 9 See also
- 10 References
- 11 External links
Structure[edit]
Surfaces[edit]
Costal (Front, Ventral, Anterior)[edit]
The costal or ventral surface [Fig. 1] presents a broad concavity, the subscapular fossa.
The medial two-thirds of this fossa are marked by several oblique ridges, which run lateralward and upward. The ridges give attachment to the tendinous insertions, and the surfaces between them to the fleshy fibers, of the Subscapularis. The lateral third of the fossa is smooth and covered by the fibers of this muscle.
At the upper part of the fossa is a transverse depression, where the bone appears to be bent on itself along a line at right angles to and passing through the center of the glenoid cavity, forming a considerable angle, called the subscapular angle; this gives greater strength to the body of the bone by its arched form, while the summit of the arch serves to support the spine and acromion.
Figure 1 : Left scapula. Costal surface.
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1. Subscapular fossa
2. Glenoid cavity
3. Coracoid process
4. Acromion
5. Superior border
6. Scapular notch
7. Superior angle
8. Medial border
9. Inferior angle
10. Lateral border
11. Infraglenoid tubercle |
Dorsal (Back, Posterior)[edit]
The dorsal surface [Fig. 2] is arched from above downward, and is subdivided into two unequal parts by the spine; the portion above the spine is called the supraspinous fossa, and that below it the infraspinous fossa.
- The supraspinous fossa, the smaller of the two, is concave, smooth, and broader at its vertebral than at its humeral end; its medial two-thirds give origin to the Supraspinatus.
- The infraspinous fossa is much larger than the preceding; toward its vertebral margin a shallow concavity is seen at its upper part; its center presents a prominent convexity, while near the axillary border is a deep groove which runs from the upper toward the lower part. The medial two-thirds of the fossa give origin to the Infraspinatus; the lateral third is covered by this muscle.
The dorsal surface is marked near the axillary border by an elevated ridge, which runs from the lower part of the glenoid cavity, downward and backward to the vertebral border, about 2.5 cm above the inferior angle.
The ridge serves for the attachment of a fibrous septum, which separates the Infraspinatus from the Teres major and Teres minor.
The surface between the ridge and the axillary border is narrow in the upper two-thirds of its extent, and is crossed near its center by a groove for the passage of the scapular circumflex vessels; it affords attachment to the Teres minor.
The costal surface superior of the scapula is the origin of 1st digitation for the serratus anterior origin. The broad and narrow portions above alluded to are separated by an oblique line, which runs from the axillary border, downward and backward, to meet the elevated ridge: to it is attached a fibrous septum which separates the Teres muscles from each other.
Its lower third presents a broader, somewhat triangular surface, the Inferior angle of the scapula, which gives origin to the Teres major, and over which the Latissimus dorsi glides; frequently the latter muscle takes origin by a few fibers from this part.
Figure 2 : Left scapula. Dorsal surface.
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1. Supraspinatous fossa
2. Spine
3. Infraspinatous fossa
4. Superior border
5. Superior angle
6. Medial border
7. Inferior angle
8. Lateral border
9. Lateral angle
10. Acromion
11. Coracoid process
12. Origin of teres major muscle
13. Origin of teres minor muscle |
Borders[edit]
There are three borders of the scapula:
- The superior border is the shortest and thinnest; it is concave, and extends from the medial angle to the base of the coracoid process. It is referred to as the cranial border in animals.
- The axillary border (or "lateral border") is the thickest of the three. It begins above at the lower margin of the glenoid cavity, and inclines obliquely downward and backward to the inferior angle. It is referred to as the caudal border in animals.
- The vertebral border (or "medial border") is the longest of the three, and extends from the medial to the inferior angle. It is referred to as the dorsal border in animals.
Angles[edit]
There are 3 angles
- The superior angle is covered by trapezius.
- The inferior angle is covered by latissimus dorsi. It moves forwards round the chest when the arm is abducted.
- The lateral or glenoid angle is broad and bears the glenoid cavity or fossa, which is directed forward, laterally and slightly upwards.
The acromion[edit]
The acromion forms the summit of the shoulder, and is a large, somewhat triangular or oblong process, flattened from behind forward, projecting at first laterally, and then curving forward and upward, so as to overhang the glenoid cavity.
Figure 3 : Left scapula. Lateral surface.
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1. Coracoid process
2. Glenoid cavity
3. Supraspinatous fossa
4. Acromion
5. Infraspinatous fossa
6. Inferior angle
7. Lateral border |
Development[edit]
Main article: ossification of scapula
The larger part of the scapula undergoes membranous ossification.[1]. Some of the outer parts of the scapula are cartilaginous at birth, and would therefore undergo endochondral ossification [2].
The head, processes, and the thickened parts of the bone, contain cancellous tissue; the rest consists of a thin layer of compact tissue.
The central part of the supraspinatus fossa and the upper part of the infraspinatous fossa, but especially the former, are usually so thin in humans as to be semitransparent; occasionally the bone is found wanting in this situation, and the adjacent muscles are separated only by fibrous tissue.
Muscular attachments[edit]
The following muscles attach to the scapula:
| Muscle |
Direction |
Region |
| Pectoralis Minor |
insertion |
coracoid process |
| Coracobrachialis |
origin |
coracoid process |
| Serratus Anterior |
insertion |
medial border |
| Triceps Brachii (long head) |
origin |
infraglenoid tubercle |
| Biceps Brachii (short head) |
origin |
coracoid process |
| Biceps Brachii (long head) |
origin |
supraglenoid tubercle |
| Subscapularis |
origin |
subscapular fossa |
| Rhomboid Major |
insertion |
medial border |
| Rhomboid Minor |
insertion |
medial border |
| Levator Scapulae |
insertion |
medial border |
| Trapezius |
insertion |
spine of scapula |
| Deltoid |
origin |
spine of scapula |
| Supraspinatus |
origin |
supraspinous fossa |
| Infraspinatus |
origin |
infraspinous fossa |
| Teres Minor |
origin |
lateral border |
| Teres Major |
origin |
lateral border |
| Latissimus Dorsi (a few fibers) |
origin |
inferior angle |
| Omohyoid |
origin |
superior border |
Movements[edit]
Movements of the scapula are brought about by scapular muscles:
Elevation, Depression, Protraction (abduction) Retraction (adduction) Upward (lateral) rotation, Downward (medial) rotation, Anterior Tipping, and Posterior Tipping
Injury[edit]
Main article: Scapular fracture
Because of its sturdy structure and protected location, scapular fractures are uncommon; when they do occur, they are an indication that severe chest trauma has occurred.[1]
A winged scapula is a condition in which the medial border (the side nearest the spine) of a person's scapula is abnormally positioned outward and backward. The resulting appearance of the upper back is said to be wing-like because the inferior angle of the shoulder blade protrudes backward rather than lying mostly flat. In addition, any condition causing weakness of the serratus anterior muscle may cause scapular "winging".
Shoulder Impingement Syndrome and the Scapula[edit]
Main article: Impingement syndrome
The scapula has been found to play an important role in shoulder impingement syndrome.[2] It is a wide, flat bone lying on the thoracic wall that provides an attachment for three different groups of muscles. The intrinsic muscles of the scapula include the muscles of the rotator cuff- the subscapularis, teres minor, supraspinatus, and infraspinatus.[3] These muscles attach to the surface of the scapula and are responsible for the internal and external rotation of the glenohumeral joint, along with humeral abduction. The extrinsic muscles include the biceps, triceps, and deltoid muscles and attach to the coracoid process and supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, and spine of the scapula. These muscles are responsible for several actions of the glenohumeral joint. The third group, which is mainly responsible for stabilization and rotation of the scapula, consists of the trapezius, serratus anterior, levator scapulae, and rhomboid muscles and attach to the medial, superior, and inferior borders of the scapula. Each of these muscles has their own role in proper shoulder function and must be in balance with each other in order to avoid shoulder pathology. Abnormal scapular function is called scapular dyskinesis. One action the scapula performs during a throwing or serving motion is elevation of the acromion process in order to avoid impingement of the rotator cuff tendons.[2] If the scapula fails to properly elevate the acromion, impingement may occur during the cocking and acceleration phase of an overhead activity. The two muscles most commonly inhibited during this first part of an overhead motion are the serratus anterior and the lower trapezius.[4] These two muscles act as a force couple within the glenohumeral joint to properly elevate the acromion process, and if a muscle imbalance exists, shoulder impingement may develop.
In other animals[edit]
Scapulae, spine and ribs of
Myotis lucifugus (Little Brown Bat).
In fish, the scapular blade is a structure attached to the upper surface of the articulation of the pectoral fin, and is accompanied by a similar coracoid plate on the lower surface. Although sturdy in cartilagenous fish, both plates are generally small in most other fish, and may be partially cartilagenous, or consist of multiple bony elements.[5]
In the early tetrapods, these two structures respectively became the scapula and a bone referred to as the procoracoid (commonly called simply the "coracoid", but not homologous with the mammalian structure of that name). In amphibians and reptiles (birds included), these two bones are distinct, but together form a single structure bearing many of the muscle attachments for the forelimb. In such animals, the scapula is usually a relatively simple plate, lacking the projections and spine that it possesses in mammals. However, the detailed structure of these bones varies considerably in living groups. For example, in frogs, the procoracoid bones may be braced together at the animal's underside to absorb the shock of landing, while in turtles, the combined structure forms a Y-shape in order to allow the scapula to retain a connection to the clavicle (which is part of the shell). In birds, the procoracoids help to brace the wing against the top of the sternum.[5]
In the fossil therapsids, a third bone, the true coracoid, formed just behind the procoracoid. The resulting three-boned structure is still seen in modern monotremes, but in all other living mammals, the procoracoid has disappeared, and the coracoid bone has fused with the scapula, to become the coracoid process. These changes are associated with the upright gait of mammals, compared with the more sprawling limb arrangement of reptiles and amphibians; the muscles formerly attached to the procoracoid are no longer required. The altered musculature is also responsible for the alteration in the shape of the rest of the scapula; the forward margin of the original bone became the spine and acromion, from which the main shelf of the shoulder blade arises as a new structure.[5]
In dinosaurs[edit]
In dinosaurs the main bones of the pectoral girdle were the scapula (shoulder blade) and the coracoid, both of which directly articulated with the clavicle. The clavicle was present in saurischian dinosaurs but largely absent in ornithischian dinosaurs. The place on the scapula where it articulated with the humerus (upper bone of the forelimb) is the called the glenoid. The scapula serves as the attachment site for a dinosaur's back and forelimb muscles.
Gallery[edit]
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Position of scapula (shown in red). Animation.
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Shape of scapula (left). Animation.
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Diagram of the human shoulder joint
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The scapular and circumflex arteries.
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See also[edit]
- Bone terminology
- Scapulimancy/Oracle bone
- Terms for anatomical location
References[edit]
- ^ Livingston DH, Hauser CJ (2003). "Trauma to the chest wall and lung". In Moore EE, Feliciano DV, Mattox KL. Trauma. Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 516. ISBN 0-07-137069-2.
- ^ a b Kibler, BW. (1998). The role of the scapula in athletic shoulder function. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(2), 325-337.
- ^ Marieb, E. (2005). Anatomy & Physiology (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
- ^ Cools, A. , Dewitte, V. , Lanszweert, F. , Notebaert, D. , Roets, A. , et al. (2007). Rehabilitation of scapular muscle balance. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(10), 1744.
- ^ a b c Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 186–187. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
- Nickel, Schummer, & Seiferle; Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haussäugetiere.
- This article incorporates text from a public domain edition of Gray's Anatomy.
External links[edit]
- SUNY Labs 10:st-0301 - "Joints of the Upper Extremity: Scapula"
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Bones of upper limbs (TA A02.4, GA 2.200–230)
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| Pectoral girdle, clavicle |
- conoid tubercle
- trapezoid line
- costal tuberosity
- subclavian groove
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| Scapula |
- fossae (subscapular, supraspinatous, infraspinatous)
- notches (suprascapular, great scapular)
- glenoid cavity
- tubercles (infraglenoid, supraglenoid)
- spine of scapula
- acromion
- coracoid process
- borders (superior, lateral/axillary, medial/vertebral)
- angles (superior, inferior, lateral)
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| Humerus |
- upper extremity: necks (anatomical, surgical)
- tubercles (greater, lesser)
- intertubercular sulcus
- body: radial sulcus
- deltoid tuberosity
- lower extremity: capitulum
- trochlea
- epicondyles (lateral, medial)
- supracondylar ridges (lateral, medial)
- fossae (radial, coronoid, olecranon)
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| Forearm |
- radius: upper extremity (head, tuberosity)
- body
- lower extremity (ulnar notch, styloid process)
- ulna: upper extremity (tuberosity, olecranon, coronoid process, radial notch, trochlear notch)
- body
- lower extremity (head, styloid process)
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| Hand |
- carpus: scaphoid
- lunate
- triquetral
- pisiform
- trapezium
- trapezoid
- capitate
- hamate (hamulus)
- metacarpus: 1st metacarpal
- 2nd
- 3rd
- 4th
- 5th
- phalanges of the hand: proximal
- intermediate
- distal
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anat (c/f/k/f, u, t/p, l)/phys/devp/cell
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noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr
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