scale insect

カイガラムシ

関

Cicadelloidea、Cicadoidea、Coccoidea、Fulgoroidea、Hemiptera、leafhopper、Psylloidea、whitefly

WordNet

1. plant bugs; bedbugs; some true bugs; also includes suborders Heteroptera (true bugs) and Homoptera (e.g., aphids, plant lice and cicadas) (同)order Hemiptera
2. small leaping insect that sucks the juices of plants
3. scale insects and mealybugs (同)superfamily Coccoidea
4. minute insect that feeds on plant juices; related to scale insects
5. take by attacking with scaling ladders; "The troops scaled the walls of the fort"
6. a specialized leaf or bract that protects a bud or catkin (同)scale leaf
7. an ordered reference standard; "judging on a scale of 1 to 10" (同)scale of measurement, graduated table, ordered series
8. relative magnitude; "they entertained on a grand scale"
9. size or measure according to a scale; "This model must be scaled down"
10. the ratio between the size of something and a representation of it; "the scale of the map"; "the scale of the model"
11. a measuring instrument for weighing; shows amount of mass (同)weighing machine
12. a flattened rigid plate forming part of the body covering of many animals
13. an indicator having a graduated sequence of marks
14. (music) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme (usually within an octave) (同)musical scale
15. a thin flake of dead epidermis shed from the surface of the skin (同)scurf, exfoliation
16. remove the scales from; "scale fish" (同)descale
17. reach the highest point of; "We scaled the Mont Blanc" (同)surmount
18. climb up by means of a ladder
19. measure by or as if by a scale; "This bike scales only 25 pounds"
20. measure with or as if with scales; "scale the gold"
21. pattern, make, regulate, set, measure, or estimate according to some rate or standard
22. the act of arranging in a graduated series (同)grading
23. act of measuring or arranging or adjusting according to a scale
24. ascent by or as if by a ladder
25. small air-breathing arthropod
26. (used of armor) having overlapping metal plates attached to a leather backing

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. ヨコバイ(植物の液汁を吸う害虫)
2. 《しばしば複数形で》『てんびん』,はかり / てんびんのさら / 《重量を表す副詞[句]を伴って》…の目方(体重)がある / …‘を'てんびんではかる
3. (蛇・魚類などの)うろこ / うろこ状の物;(ペンキ・さび・ふけなどの)爆片 / 〈魚など〉‘の'うろこを取る;…‘の'皮をはぐ / (…から)〈ペンキなどの薄泰〉‘を'そぎ取る《+『名』+『off』(『from』)+『名』》 / (…から)〈ペンキなどが〉かげ落ちる《+『off』(『from』)+『名』》
4. 『段階』,等級,階級 / 『比率』,縮尺 / (物差しなどの)『目盛り』 / (目盛りの付いた)『物差し』;温度計,(各種の)スケール / 『規模』,スケール / 音階 / 記数法,…進法 / …‘を'よじ登る / (…に合わせて)…‘を'調整する《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / …‘を'縮尺で製図(設計)する
5. 『昆虫』;(一般に)虫

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/26 13:33:53」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Scale insect Temporal range: Lower Cretaceous–recent PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Female cottony cushion scale (Icerya purchasi, Monophlebidae) with young crawlers
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hemiptera
Suborder:	Sternorrhyncha
Superfamily:	Coccoidea Handlirsch, 1903
Families
Aclerdidae Asterolecaniidae Beesoniidae Carayonemidae Cerococcidae Coccidae Conchaspididae Dactylopiidae Diaspididae Eriococcidae Halimococcidae Kermesidae Kerriidae Lecanodiaspididae Margarodidae Micrococcidae Monophlebidae Ortheziidae Phenacoleachiidae Phoenicococcidae Pseudococcidae Putoidae Stictococcidae

The scale insects are small insects of the order Hemiptera, suborder Sternorrhyncha. They comprise the superfamily Coccoidea, previously placed in the now deprecated suborder Homoptera. There are about 8,000 described species of scale insects.

Armored scale insects:(A) Lepidosaphes gloverii, adult females. (B) Parlatoria oleae, adult females (circular, with dark spot) and immatures (oblong). (C) Diaspidiotus juglansregiae, adult female walnut scale with waxy scale cover removed.

Oystershell scale (Ceroplastes sp.), a waxy scale on young blueberry

Description

Scale insects vary dramatically in appearance; some are very small organisms (1–2 mm) that grow beneath wax covers (some shaped like oyster shells, others like mussel shells), to shiny pearl-like objects (about 5 mm), to creatures covered with mealy wax. Adult female scales are almost always immobile (aside from mealybugs) and permanently attached to the plant they have parasitized. They secrete a waxy coating for defense; this coating causes them to resemble reptilian scales or fish scales, hence their common name.

The group shows high degrees of sexual dimorphism; female scale insects, unusually for Hemiptera, retain the immature external morphology even when sexually mature, a condition known as neoteny. Adult males usually have wings (depending on their species) but never feed, and die within a day or two.

Species in which males do have wings generally possess only one pair of fully functional wings, and in particular, the fore-wings. This is unusual among insects; it most closely resembles the situation in the true flies, the Diptera. However, the Diptera and Hemiptera are not at all closely related and do not closely resemble each other in morphology; for example, the tail filaments of the Coccoidea do not resemble anything in the morphology of flies. The hind (metathoracic) wings of scale insects are reduced, commonly to the point that they generally are overlooked. In some species the hind wings have hamuli, hooklets, that couple the hind wings to the main wings, a condition usually associated with the Hymenoptera. The vestigial wings often are reduced to the point where they are referred to as halteres or pseudohalteres, but again, their resemblance to the halteres of flies is analogous, not homologous. It is not at present clear to what extent the pseudohalteres have any substantial control function to match the true halteres of the flies.

The first instars of most species of scale insects emerge from the egg with functional legs and are informally called "crawlers". They immediately crawl around in search of a favourable spot to settle down and feed. In some species they delay settling down either until they are starving, or until they have been blown away by wind onto what presumably is another plant, where they may establish a colony separate from the parent. There are many variations on such themes, such as scale insects that are associated with species of ants that act as herders and carry the young ones to favourable protected sites to feed. In either case, many such species of crawlers, when they change their skins, lose the use of their legs if they are female, and stay put for life. Only the males retain their legs and use them in seeking females or mating.

The specifics of their reproductive systems vary considerably within the group, including hermaphroditism and at least seven forms of parthenogenesis.

Ecology

Most scale insects are parasites of plants, feeding on sap drawn directly from the plant's vascular system. A few species feed on fungal mats and fungi, e.g., some species in the genus Newsteadia in the family Ortheziidae.

Scale insects feed on a wide variety of plants, though particular species commonly are specific to particular host plants or plant groups. For example, various kinds of cochineal are restricted to cactus hosts. Some scale insects species evolved symbiotically with some ant species.

Economic significance

Many scale species are serious crop pests. The waxy covering of many species of scale insects protects them effectively from contact insecticides, which are only effective against the first-instar nymph stage known as the crawler. However, scales often are controlled by use of horticultural oils, that suffocate them, systemic pesticides that poison the sap of the host plants, or by biological control agents such as tiny parasitoid wasps and Coccinellid beetles.

At the same time, some kinds of scale insects are biological pest control agents in their own right, such as various species of Dactylopius, the cochineal genus, that attack pest species of Opuntia.

Some types of scale insect are economically valuable for the substances they can yield under proper husbandry. Some, such as the cochineal, Polish cochineal, and kermes yield red dyes used in foods and in dyeing fabrics. Some waxy scale species in the genera Ceroplastes and Ericerus produce materials such as Chinese wax, and several genera of lac scales produce shellac.

Systematics

The recognition of scale insect families has fluctuated over time. Currently, the main families of scale insects are:

• Asterolecaniidae – pit scales
• Callipappidae - bird of paradise scales [1]
• Coccidae – soft scales
• Dactylopiidae – cochineal
• Diaspididae – armored scales
• Eriococcidae – felted scales
• Kerriidae – lac scales
• Margarodidae – ground pearls
• Matsucoccidae - pine bast scales [2]
• Monophlebidae - cottony cushion scales
• Ortheziidae - ensign scales
• Pseudococcidae – mealybugs
• Putoidae - giant "mealybugs"

A number of other families are known only from fossils, including Arnoldidae, Electrococcidae, Grimaldiellidae, Grohnidae, Hammanococcidae, Inkaidae, Jersicoccidae, Kukaspididae, Labiococcidae, Lebanococcidae, Lithuanicoccidae, Pennygullaniidae, Serafinidae and Weitschatidae.

See also

• Conchaspis capensis
• Lepidosaphes beckii
• Pests and diseases of roses

References

Further references

O'Connor, J.P., Gertsson, C-A. and Malumphy, C. 2013. A review of the Irish scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Ir. Nat. J. 32: 32 - 44.

External links

• ScaleNet homepage
• Cottony cushion scale: the pest that launched a pest control revolution
• Diaspididae of the World
• Scale Insect Forum
• Scales of southeastern U.S. woody ornamentals

On the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures website:

• Ceroplastes rubens, red wax scale
• Ceroplastes rusci, fig wax scale
• Coccus viridia, green scale
• Eucalymnatus tessellatus, tessellated scale
• Phoenicoccus marlatti, red date scale

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Controlling free flight of a robotic fly using an onboard vision sensor inspired by insect ocelli.

• Fuller SB1, Karpelson M2, Censi A3, Ma KY2, Wood RJ2.
• Journal of the Royal Society, Interface / the Royal Society.J R Soc Interface.2014 Aug 6;11(97). pii: 20140281. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0281.
• Scaling a flying robot down to the size of a fly or bee requires advances in manufacturing, sensing and control, and will provide insights into mechanisms used by their biological counterparts. Controlled flight at this scale has previously required external cameras to provide the feedback to regula
• PMID 24942846

• Rapid chromosomal evolution in a morphologically cryptic radiation.

• Mills PJ1, Cook LG2.
• Molecular phylogenetics and evolution.Mol Phylogenet Evol.2014 Aug;77:126-35. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.03.015. Epub 2014 Mar 26.
• Cryptic species occur within most of the major taxonomic divisions, and a current challenge is to determine why some lineages have more cryptic species than others. It is expected that cryptic species are more common in groups where there are life histories or genetic architectures that promote spec
• PMID 24680740

• Multilocus approach to clarify species status and the divergence history of the Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) species complex.

• Hsieh CH1, Ko CC2, Chung CH3, Wang HY4.
• Molecular phylogenetics and evolution.Mol Phylogenet Evol.2014 Jul;76:172-80. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.03.021. Epub 2014 Mar 29.
• The sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, is a highly differentiated species complex. Despite consisting of several morphologically indistinguishable entities and frequent invasions on all continents with important associated economic losses, the phylogenetic relationships, species status, and evol
• PMID 24685497

Japanese Journal

• ナラフサカイガラムシによるミズナラの被害

• 原 秀穂,寺澤 和彦,徳田 佐和子 [他]
• 北海道林業試験場研究報告 (51), 1-6, 2014-03
• NAID 40020160381

• 島根県出雲市宍道湖グリーンパークで採集されたカイガラムシ類

• 田中 宏卓
• ホシザキグリーン財団研究報告 (17), 327-333, 2014-03
• NAID 40020083895

• 都市近郊の農村域におけるクツワムシの生息実態

• 徳江 義宏,大澤 啓志
• ランドスケープ研究 77(5), 599-602, 2014
• … In this study, we focused on Mecopoda nipponensis, a well-known acoustic insect in Japan, and we aimed to clarify its distribution in rural areas near large cities. … In the large-scale analysis, the relationship model between the distribution of M. … Analysis of the large-scale areas revealed that vegetation type such as city, cultivation, and wetland areas around the 600-700m buffer had a statistically negative influence on the M. …
• NAID 130005070752

Related Links

• scale insectの意味 - 英和辞典 - コトバンク

プログレッシブ英和中辞典(第4版) - 《昆虫》カイガラムシ. ... 出典｜小学館 この辞書の凡例を見る 編集主幹：國廣哲彌、安井稔、堀内克明 編集委員：池上嘉彦、大沼雅彦、米須興文

• Scale Insects | How to Get Rid of Scale Insects | Pests ...

This page provides advice on how to control scale insects in your garden. Scale insect is particularly tricky to eliminate as the adults form hard waxy shells that act as a protective armour. Worse still, on indoor plants the environment ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Hemiptera」「カイガラムシ」「Coccoidea」「Cicadelloidea」「Psylloidea」
関連記事	「scale」「scaling」

「Hemiptera」

　　[★]

半翅類、カメムシ類、半翅目、カメムシ目

関

Cicadelloidea、Cicadoidea、Coccoidea、Fulgoroidea、leafhopper、Psylloidea、scale insect、whitefly

　

「カイガラムシ」

　　[★]

英

scale insect

関

半翅目、オオヨコバイ上科、セミ上科、カイガラムシ上科、ハゴロモ上科、キジラミ上科、コナジラミ類、ヨコバイ

「Coccoidea」

　　[★]

カイガラムシ上科

• イガラムシ上科

関

Cicadelloidea、Cicadoidea、Fulgoroidea、Hemiptera、leafhopper、Psylloidea、scale insect、whitefly

　

「Cicadelloidea」

　　[★]

オオヨコバイ上科

• オヨコバイ上科

関

Cicadoidea、Coccoidea、Fulgoroidea、Hemiptera、leafhopper、Psylloidea、scale insect、whitefly

「Psylloidea」

　　[★]

キジラミ上科

• ジラミ上科

関

Cicadelloidea、Cicadoidea、Coccoidea、Fulgoroidea、Hemiptera、leafhopper、scale insect、whitefly

「scale」

　　[★]

• n.

• 1. (魚・は虫類の)うろこ。(チョウ・ガの)鱗粉。(皮膚の)鱗屑。薄片。(植物)芽鱗、鱗片。(動物)カイガラムシ。(金属を熱したときにできる)薄い酸化膜、スケール。(ボイラーややかんの内側にできる)湯垢。歯石。
• 2. 目盛り、定規、物差し、尺度、基準。(地図などの)縮尺比、縮尺目盛り。階級、等級。規模、スケール
• 3. はかり、てんびん

• vt.
• vi.

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「scaling」

　　[★]

• n.

• スケーリング

• 縮尺や変換係数を定めること、歯石とプラークを除去すること