saprotrophic

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/07 14:13:47」(JST)

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Mycelial cord made up of a collection of hyphae; an essential part in the process of saprotrophic nutrition, it is used for the intake of organic matter through its cell wall. The network of hyphae is referred to as a mycelium, which is fundamental to fungal nutrition.

Saprotrophic nutrition /sæprɵˈtrɒfɪk/ is a process of chemoheterotrophic extracellular digestion involved in the processing of dead or decayed organic matter. It occurs in saprotrophs or heterotrophs, and is most often associated with fungi (for example Mucor) and soil bacteria. Saprotrophic microscopic fungi are sometimes called saprobes; saprotrophic plants or bacterial flora are called saprophytes (sapro- + -phyte, "rotten material" + "plant"). The process is most often facilitated through the active transport of such materials through endocytosis within the internal mycelium and its constituent hyphae.^[1]

Various word roots relating to decayed matter (detritus, sapro-), eating and nutrition (-vore, -phage), and plants or life forms (-phyte, -obe) produce various terms, such as detritivore, detritophage, saprotroph, saprophyte, saprophage, and saprobe; their meanings overlap, although technical distinctions (based on physiologic mechanisms) narrow the senses. For example, usage distinctions can be made based on macroscopic swallowing of detritus (as an earthworm does) versus microscopic lysis of detritus (as a mushroom does).

Process

Explanation

As matter decomposes within a medium in which a saprotroph is residing, the saprotroph breaks such matter down into its composites.

Proteins are broken down into their amino acid composites through the breaking of peptide bonds by proteases.^[2]
Lipids are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol by lipases.^[2]
Starch is broken down into pieces of simple disaccharides by amylases.^[2]

These products are re-absorbed into the hypha through the cell wall via endocytosis and passed on throughout the mycelium complex. This facilitates the passage of such materials throughout the organism and allows for growth and, if necessary, repair.^[1]

Conditions

In order for a saprotrophic organism to facilitate optimal growth and repair, favourable conditions and nutrients must be present.^[3] Optimal conditions refers to several conditions which optimise the growth of saprotrophic organisms, such as;

Presence of water: 80–90% of the fungi is composed of water by mass, and requires excess water for absorption due to the evaporation of internally retent water.^[3]
Presence of oxygen: Very few saprotrophic organisms can endure anaerobic conditions as evidenced by their growth above media such as water or soil.^[3]
Neutral-acidic pH: The condition of neutral or mildly acidic conditions under pH 7 are required. ^[3]
Low-medium temperature: The majority of saprotrophic organisms require temperatures between 1 °C and 35 °C, with optimum growth occurring at 25 °C.^[3]

The majority of nutrients taken in by such organisms must be able to provide carbon, proteins, vitamins and in some cases, ions. Due to the carbon composition of the majority of organisms, dead and organic matter provide rich sources of disaccharides and polysaccharides such as maltose and starch, and of the monosaccharide glucose.^[1]

In terms of nitrogen-rich sources, saprotrophs require combined protein for the creation of proteins, which is facilitated by the absorption of amino acids, and usually taken from rich soil. Although both ions and vitamins are rare, thiamine or ions such as potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium aid the growth of the mycelium.^[1]

Notes

Clegg, C. J.; Mackean, D. G. (2006). Advanced Biology: Principles and Applications, 2nd ed. Hodder Publishing
Zmitrovich, I. V.; Wasser, S. P.; Ţura D. (2014). Wood-inhabiting fungi Fungi from different substrates / J. K. Misra, J. P. Tewari, S. K. Deshmukh, C. Vágvölgyi (eds). N. Y.: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis group, 2014. P. 17–74. (http://media.wix.com/ugd/b65817_2690a71af41f4486863a9b220827d7b5.pdf)

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Advanced biology principles, p 296—states the purpose of saprotrophs and their internal nutrition, as well as the main two types of fungi that are most often referred to, as well as describes, visually, the process of saprotrophic nutrition through a diagram of hyphae, referring to the Rhizobium on damp, stale whole-meal bread or rotting fruit.
^ ^a ^b ^c Advanced Biology Principles, p296, fig 14.16—Diagram detailing the re-absorption of substrates within the hypha.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Advanced Biology Principles, p296 fig 14.17—A diagram explaining the optimal conditions needed for successful growth and repair.

An organism, especially a fungus or bacterium, that derives its nourishment from dead or decaying organic matter. Also called saprobe.

English Journal

Functional and structural analyses of a 1,4-β-endoglucanase from Ganoderma lucidum.

Liu G1, Li Q2, Shang N2, Huang JW3, Ko TP4, Liu W2, Zheng Y2, Han X2, Chen Y5, Chen CC6, Jin J7, Guo RT8.
Enzyme and microbial technology.Enzyme Microb Technol.2016 May;86:67-74. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.01.013. Epub 2016 Feb 1.
Ganoderma lucidum is a saprotrophic white-rot fungus which contains a rich set of cellulolytic enzymes. Here, we screened an array of potential 1,4-β-endoglucanases from G. lucidum based on the gene annotation library and found that one candidate gene, GlCel5A, exhibits CMC-hydrolyzing activity. Th
PMID 26992795

Comparative Genomics of Early-Diverging Mushroom-Forming Fungi Provides Insights into the Origins of Lignocellulose Decay Capabilities.

Nagy LG1, Riley R2, Tritt A2, Adam C2, Daum C2, Floudas D3, Sun H2, Yadav JS4, Pangilinan J2, Larsson KH5, Matsuura K6, Barry K2, Labutti K2, Kuo R2, Ohm RA7, Bhattacharya SS4, Shirouzu T8, Yoshinaga Y2, Martin FM9, Grigoriev IV2, Hibbett DS10.
Molecular biology and evolution.Mol Biol Evol.2016 Apr;33(4):959-70. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msv337. Epub 2015 Dec 10.
Evolution of lignocellulose decomposition was one of the most ecologically important innovations in fungi. White-rot fungi in the Agaricomycetes (mushrooms and relatives) are the most effective microorganisms in degrading both cellulose and lignin components of woody plant cell walls (PCW). However,
PMID 26659563

Dung-inhabiting fungi: a potential reservoir of novel secondary metabolites for the control of plant pathogens.

Sarrocco S1.
Pest management science.Pest Manag Sci.2016 Apr;72(4):643-52. doi: 10.1002/ps.4206. Epub 2016 Jan 25.
Coprophilous fungi are a large group of saprotrophic fungi mostly found in herbivore dung. The number of these fungi undergoing investigation is continually increasing, and new species and genera continue to be described. Dung-inhabiting fungi play an important ecological role in decomposing and rec
PMID 26662623