関: rectal gland

WordNet

sprinkle as if with salt; "the rebels had salted the fields with mines and traps"
a compound formed by replacing hydrogen in an acid by a metal (or a radical that acts like a metal)
preserve with salt; "people used to salt meats on ships"
the taste experience when common salt is taken into the mouth (同)saltiness, salinity
white crystalline form of especially sodium chloride used to season and preserve food (同)table_salt, common salt
(of speech) painful or bitter; "salt scorn"- Shakespeare; "a salt apology"
add salt to
add zest or liveliness to; "She salts her lectures with jokes"
any of various organs that synthesize substances needed by the body and release it through ducts or directly into the bloodstream (同)secretory organ, secretor, secreter
(used especially of meats) preserved in salt (同)salt-cured, brine-cured
the act of adding salt to food

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『塩』食塩 / 〈U〉(化学で)塩 / 《複数形で》薬用塩類(Epsom salt[s],smelling salts) / 〈U〉生気(刺激,興趣)を与えるもの / 〈C〉《話》(特に老練な)水夫 / 塩の,塩を含んでいる;塩気のある,塩辛い / 塩漬けにした / (土地が)塩につかった / 塩信でできた,塩水の中で育つ / 〈食べ物〉‘を'塩で味をつける;〈肉・魚など〉‘を'塩漬けにして保存する《+『名』+『down』,+『down』+『名』》 / 《受動態で》(…で)〈言葉・話なで〉‘を'ぴりっとさせる,‘に'味をつける《+『名』+『with』+『名』》
(生物体内の)腺(せん)
塩で味をつけて,塩味の;塩漬けの
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks戦略兵器制限交渉

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/04/29 22:28:10」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

For the "salt gland" in halophyte plants, see hydathode.

Sea turtles excrete salts through tear ducts. "Crying" is visible when out of water.

The salt gland is an organ for excreting excess salts. It is found in elasmobranchs, seabirds, and some reptiles. In sharks, salt glands are found in the rectum, but in birds and reptiles, they are found in or on the skull, in the area of the eyes, nostrils or mouth. In crocodiles, the salt is excreted through the tongue.^[1] Such glands work by active transport via sodium-potassium pump that moves salt from the blood into the gland, where it can be excreted as a concentrated solution. Salt glands function to maintain salt balance and allow marine vertebrates to drink seawater.^[2]

The aviary salt gland is coupled with a counter-current exchange mechanism that preserves the high concentration of salt in the blood plasma so that most of the salt leaving the gland is returned to the incoming blood plasma, allowing the concentration buildup within the gland by active transport.^[3]

The need for salt excretion in reptiles (such as marine iguanas and sea turtles) and birds (such as petrels and albatrosses) stems from the fact that their kidneys are much less efficient than those of mammals.^[4] Unlike the skin of amphibians, reptile and bird skin is impermeable to salt, meaning that the transition to a tougher skin meant a loss in salt-releasing ability.^[5] The evolution of a salt gland would have allowed early reptiles and birds to eat aquatic plants and animals, who have high salt concentrations. This does not, however, explain the evolution of the gland in the elasmobranchs, suggesting convergent evolution.

Some theories suggest that mammalian tear ducts and sweat glands may be evolutionarily related to salt glands. Human tears are high in potassium, lending support to this theory; however, most phylogeneticists disagree with this idea.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ Grigg, Gordon and Gans, Carl (1993) Morphology And Physiology Of The Crocodylia, in Fauna of Australia Vol 2A Amphibia and Reptilia, chapter 40, pages 326-336. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. <http://eprint.uq.edu.au/archive/00002011/02/croc.pdf>
^ O’Driscoll, K.J.; Staniels, L.K.; and Facey, D.E.. "Osmoregulation and Excretion". http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/Zoology/AnimalPhysiology/Osmoregulation/Osmoregulation.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-06.
^ Ritchison, Gary. "Avian osmoregulation". http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
^ "Plants Poisonous to Livestock - Cornell University Department of Animal Science". Ansci.cornell.edu. http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/adapt/salt.html. Retrieved 2011-07-14.
^ Hazard, Lisa C. (2004). Sodium and Potassium Secretion by Iguana Salt Glands. University of California Press. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-0-520-23854-1.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Therapeutic effect of topical adiponectin in a mouse model of desiccating stress-induced dry eye.

Li Z, Woo JM, Chung SW, Kwon MY, Choi JS, Oh HJ, Yoon KC.SourceDepartment of Ophthalmology and Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Korea.
Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.2013 Jan 7;54(1):155-62. doi: 10.1167/iovs.12-10648.
PURPOSE: To investigate the therapeutic effect of topical adiponectin in a mouse model of experimental dry eye (EDE).METHODS: EDE was created by desiccating stress in 6- to 8-week old female C57BL/6 mice. Eye drops consisting of 0.0001%, 0.001%, or 0.01% adiponectin, or balanced salt solution (BSS),
PMID 23211823

Status of fluid and electrolyte absorption in cystic fibrosis.

Reddy MM, Stutts MJ.SourceDepartment of Pediatrics, UCSD School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093.
Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine.Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med.2013 Jan 1;3(1). pii: a009555. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009555.
Salt and fluid absorption is a shared function of many of the body's epithelia, but its use is highly adapted to the varied physiological roles of epithelia-lined organs. These functions vary from control of hydration of outward-facing epithelial surfaces to conservation and regulation of total body
PMID 23284077

Maternal in utero exposure to the endocrine disruptor di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate affects the blood pressure of adult male offspring.

Martinez-Arguelles DB, McIntosh M, Rohlicek CV, Culty M, Zirkin BR, Papadopoulos V.SourceThe Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1A4; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1A4.
Toxicology and applied pharmacology.Toxicol Appl Pharmacol.2013 Jan 1;266(1):95-100. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.10.027. Epub 2012 Nov 8.
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is used industrially to add flexibility to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymers and is ubiquitously found in the environment, with evidence of prenatal, perinatal and early infant exposure in humans. In utero exposure to DEHP decreases circulating testosterone levels
PMID 23142467