関: Carthamus tinctorius

WordNet

thistlelike Eurasian plant widely grown for its red or orange flower heads and seeds that yield a valuable oil (同)false saffron, Carthamus_tinctorius
seed of the safflower

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ベニバナ(黄色い花のアザミに似た植物)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/12/03 16:42:51」(JST)

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Carthamus tinctorius

Worldwide safflower production

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.^[2]) is a highly branched, herbaceous, thistle-like annual. It is commercially cultivated for vegetable oil extracted from the seeds. Plants are 30 to 150 cm (12 to 59 in) tall with globular flower heads having yellow, orange, or red flowers. Each branch will usually have from one to five flower heads containing 15 to 20 seeds per head. Safflower is native to arid environments having seasonal rain. It grows a deep taproot which enables it to thrive in such environments.

History

Safflower is one of humanity's oldest crops. Chemical analysis of ancient Egyptian textiles dated to the Twelfth dynasty identified dyes made from safflower, and garlands made from safflowers were found in the tomb of the pharaoh Tutankhamun.^[3] John Chadwick reports that the Greek name for safflower occurs many times in Linear B tablets, distinguished into two kinds: a white safflower, which is measured, and red which is weighed. "The explanation is that there are two parts of the plant which can be used; the pale seeds and the red florets."^[4]

Safflower was also known as carthamine in the nineteenth century.^[5]

Production

It is a minor crop today, with about 600,000 tons being produced commercially in more than sixty countries worldwide. India, United States, and Mexico are the leading producers, with Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, China, the Arab World, Argentina and Australia accounting for most of the remainder.

Other names include Sallflower, Beni, Chimichanga, or Carthamus Tinctorius.

Uses

Traditionally, the crop was grown for its seeds, and used for colouring and flavouring foods, in medicines, and making red (carthamin) and yellow dyes, especially before cheaper aniline dyes became available.^[3] For the last fifty years or so, the plant has been cultivated mainly for the vegetable oil extracted from its seeds. In April 2007 SemBioSys Genetics claimed to have genetically modified safflower to create insulin.^[6]

Seed

Safflower seed oil is flavorless and colorless, and nutritionally similar to sunflower oil. It is used mainly in cosmetics and as a cooking oil, in salad dressing, and for the production of margarine. It may also be taken as a nutritional supplement.^{[citation needed]} INCI nomenclature is Carthamus tinctorius.

Safflower seed is also used quite commonly as an alternative to sunflower seed in birdfeeders, as squirrels do not like the taste of it.^{[citation needed]}

Oil

There are two types of safflower that produce different kinds of oil: one high in monounsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid) and the other high in polyunsaturated fatty acid (linoleic acid). Currently the predominant edible oil market is for the former, which is lower in saturates than olive oil, for example. The latter is used in painting in the place of linseed oil, particularly with white, as it does not have the yellow tint which linseed oil possesses.

For diet use, high–linoleic safflower oil has also been shown to increase adiponectin, a protein that helps regulate blood glucose levels and fatty-acid breakdown.^{[citation needed]} During a 16-week, double-blind controlled study conducted at Ohio State University, researchers compared high-linoleic safflower oil (SAF) with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA).^[7]^{[clarification needed]} They studied post-menopausal women who had high blood sugar and wanted to lose weight. These participants showed an average reduction of 6.3 percent belly fat and an average of 20.3 percent increase in the important belly fat hormone, adipoonectin.

For culinary use, safflower oil compares favorably with other vegetable oils with its high smoke point.

Flower

Safflower purchased at a market in Turkey

Safflower oil as a medium for oil colours

Safflower flowers are occasionally used in cooking as a cheaper substitute for saffron, and are thus sometimes referred to as "bastard saffron". Lana is a strain of safflower that grows in the southwestern United States, most notably Arizona and New Mexico.

In coloring textiles, safflower's dried flowers are used as a natural textile dye. The pigment in safflower is the benzoquinone-derived chemical carthamin and it is classified as a quinone-type dye. It is a direct dye which is also known as CI Natural Red 26. Yellow, mustard, khaki, and olive are the most common colors in textiles. Even bright reds and purples can be reached using alkaline processing. Indians used this red dye as their official red tape on legal documents.^[8] All hydrophilic fibers (all natural fibers, such as cotton, wool, etc.) may be dyed with this plant. Polyamide textiles can also be dyed without a mordant agent because of its wool-like chemical structure. Polyester, polyacrylonitrile, and others which are hydrophobic synthetic fibers can be dyed only in the presence of a mordant.

Safflower concentrate is an ingredient of the carbonated soft drink Tizer and some types of Sunkist.

Ancient Egyptians found the flower pleasing to the eye and included it in garlands placed on mummies.^[8] Dried safflower flowers (草紅花 caohonghua, 紅花 honghua) are used in traditional Chinese medicine to alleviate pain, increase circulation, and reduce bruising.^{[citation needed]} They are included in herbal remedies for menstrual pain and minor physical trauma.^[9] In India, the flowers are used for their laxative and diaphoretic properties, and are also used for children's complaints of measles, fevers and eruptive skin conditions.^[8]

Transgenics

The pharmaceutical company SemBioSys Genetics is currently using transgenic safflower plants to produce human insulin as the global demand for the hormone grows. Safflower-derived human insulin is currently in the PI/II trials on human test subjects.^[10]

Cultivation

The safflower, an annual plant, is native to a climate with a long dry season and a limited rainy season. Its defenses are very poor against numerous fungal diseases in rainy conditions, after its seedling stage. This greatly restricts the areas in which it can be grown commercially around the globe.^[11] See List of safflower diseases. The plant is also very susceptible to frost injury (from stem elongation to maturity).

Notes

^ http://www.tropicos.org/Name/2700365
^ Safflower - Carthamus tinctorius L
^ ^a ^b Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, Domestication of plants in the Old World, third edition (Oxford: University Press, 2000), p. 211
^ John Chadwick, The Mycenaean World (Cambridge: University Press, 1976), p. 120
^ De Candolle, Alphonse. (1885.)Origin of cultivated plants. D. Appleton & Co.: New York, p. 164. Retrieved on 2007-09-25.
^ Levinson, Hugh (2007-04-04). "Firm in GM insulin breakthrough". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6518787.stm.
^ Norris, LE; Collene, AL; Asp, ML; Hsu, JC; Liu, LF; Richardson, JR; Li, D, et al. (2009 Sep). "Comparison of dietary conjugated linoleic acid with safflower oil on body composition in obese postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus.". The American journal of clinical nutrition 90 (3): 468–76. PMID 19535429.
^ ^a ^b ^c Dweck, Anthony C. (ed.) (June 2009), Nature provides huge range of colour possibilities, Personal Care Magazine, pp. 61–73, http://www.dweckdata.com/Published_papers/Colour_ACD_part_1.pdf, retrieved 30 Oct 2012
^ 雷载权; 陈松育、高学敏 (1995). 中药学. 上海科学技术出版社. pp. 206. ISBN 7-5323-3706-5.
^ Phillip Stephan, SemBioSys Genetics Inc, product bulletin June 2008. http://www.sembiosys.com/pdf/SBS-1723-Product-FS(Insulin).pdf sembiosys.com
^ Book Safflower, By Joseph Ronstadt Smith, year 1996, including chapter 6: "Developmental Research".

Safflower Oil and Weightloss Safflower Oil Comparison

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Carthamus tinctorius

Complementary and Alternative Healing University (Chinese Herbology)
Ahmed M. Zahran, M. F. Omran, S. Z. Mansour and N. K. Ibrahim. Effectiveness of Carthamus tinctorius L. in the Restitution of Lipid Composition in Irradiated Rats. Egypt. J. Rad. Sci. Applic., 20(1): 75-94 (2007).
Safflower production (in the United States)
Safflower field crops manual
UN FAO statistics on safflower production
Globe and Mail: "Calgary firm turns safflower into insulin"
List of Chemicals in Safflower (Dr. Duke's Databases)
The Paulden F. Knowles personal history of safflower germplasm exploration and use

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Ultrasonic emulsification of parenteral valproic acid-loaded nanoemulsion with response surface methodology and evaluation of its stability.

Tan SF1, Masoumi HR2, Karjiban RA2, Stanslas J3, Kirby BP4, Basri M2, Basri HB5.
Ultrasonics sonochemistry.Ultrason Sonochem.2016 Mar;29:299-308. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.09.015. Epub 2015 Sep 26.
Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the formulation of a nanoemulsion for central delivery following parenteral administration. A mixture of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) and safflower seed oil (SSO) was determined as a sole phase from the emulsification properties. Similarly,
PMID 26585010

Faecal near-IR spectroscopy to determine the nutritional value of diets consumed by beef cattle in east Mediterranean rangelands.

Landau SY1, Dvash L1, Roudman M1, Muklada H1, Barkai D2, Yehuda Y3, Ungar ED1.
Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience.Animal.2016 Feb;10(2):192-202. doi: 10.1017/S175173111500169X. Epub 2015 Sep 1.
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Hydroxysafflor Yellow A Attenuates Bleomycin-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice.

Jin M1, Wu Y1, Wang L1, Zang B1, Tan L1.
Phytotherapy research : PTR.Phytother Res.2016 Jan 18. doi: 10.1002/ptr.5560. [Epub ahead of print]
Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) is an active component of Carthamus tinctorius L., and we want to investigate whether HSYA attenuates pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin (BLM) in mice. The mice received a BLM via oropharyngeal aspiration, and HSYA was intraperitoneally injected. Arterial blood ga
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Selective ion monitoring of quinochalcone C-glycoside markers for the simultaneous identification of Carthamus tinctorius L. in eleven Chinese patent medicines by UHPLC/QTOF MS.

Si W1, Yang W2, Guo D2, Wu J2, Zhang J2, Qiu S2, Yao C2, Cui Y3, Wu W4.
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Current China Pharmacopoeia standards for the Chinese patent medicines (CPMs) that contain one or several the same drug(s) employ case-dependent TLC or HPLC approaches to achieve qualitative identification. A qualitative "monomethod-heterotrait matrix" (MHM) strategy is thus proposed, by selective m
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Japanese Journal

ベニバナの葉の斑点症状(マンガン欠乏)の土壌・作物栄養診断

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Zinc fractions in soil and uptake by wheat as affected by different preceding crops(Plant nutrition)

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… Speed Feed), Clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L. …
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Physiological Response of Diverse Origin Spring Safflower Genotypes to Salinity (DESERT TECHNOLOGY 11 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE)

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食・文・化・論アーティスト紅(アカ) : 二つの色名「クレナイ」と「べ二」にみる色と人間の関わり

藤井尚子
Foods & food ingredients journal of Japan : FFIジャーナル 219(4), 378-386, 2014
NAID 40020286754

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ベニバナ」「コウカ」「Carthamus tinctorius」

「ベニバナ」

Safflower
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Tribe:	Cynareae
Genus:	Carthamus
Species:	C. tinctorius
Binomial name
	Carthamus tinctorius; L.