sabre

　 　

WordNet

1. cut or injure with a saber (同)saber

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. =saber
2. 〈U〉(騎兵の)軍刀,サーベル(通例片刃で,湾曲している) / 〈C〉フェンシング用剣(両刃である) / 〈U〉サーベル術 / …‘を'サーベルで切る
3. サーベルをガチャつかせること,武力の誇示　=saber-rattling　sabre-rattling

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2019/08/04 21:30:34」(JST)

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For other uses, see Sabre (disambiguation) and Saber (disambiguation).

Sabre
Sheathed French sabres of the sailors of the Guard, First Empire
Type	Sword
Service history
Wars	Early Modern warfare, Ottoman Wars, Napoleonic Wars, American Revolution, American Civil War, Franco-Prussian War, Philippine Revolution, Spanish–American War, Philippine–American War, World War I, Polish–Soviet War
Production history
Produced	Early modern period

A sabre (British English) or saber (American English) is a type of backsword with a curved blade associated with the light cavalry of the early modern and Napoleonic periods. Originally associated with Central-Eastern European cavalry such as the hussars, the sabre became widespread in Western Europe in the Thirty Years' War. Lighter sabres also became popular with infantry of the late 17th century.

In the 19th century, models with less curving blades became common and were also used by heavy cavalry.

The last sabre issued to US cavalry was the Patton saber of 1913. Szabla wz. 34 was the last sabre issued to the Polish cavalry, in 1934.

The military sabre was used as a duelling weapon in academic fencing in the 19th century, giving rise to a discipline of modern sabre fencing (introduced in the 1896 Summer Olympics) loosely based on the characteristics of the historical weapon in that it allows for cuts as well as thrusts.

Name

English sabre is recorded from the 1670s, as a direct loan from French, where the sabre is an alteration of sable, which was in turn loaned from German Säbel, Sabel in the 1630s. The German word is on record from the 15th century, loaned from Polish szabla, which was itself adopted from Hungarian szabla (14th century, later szablya). The spread of the Hungarian word to neighboring European languages took place in the context of the Ottoman wars in Europe of the 15th to 17th centuries. The spelling saber became common in American English in the second half of the 19th century.

The origin of the Hungarian word is unclear. It may itself be a loan from South Slavic (Serbo-Croatian сабља), from a Common Slavic *sablja, which would ultimately derives from a Turkic source. In a more recent suggestion, the Hungarian word may ultimately derive from a Tungusic source, via Kipchak Turkic selebe, with later metathesis (of l-b to b-l) and apocope changed to *seble, which would have changed its vocalisation in Hungarian to the recorded sabla (perhaps under the influence of the Hungarian word szab- "to crop; cut (into shape)".

History

Origins

Further information: Backsword, Makhaira, Falchion, Talwar, Shamshir, Scimitar, and Pulwar

Though single-edged cutting swords existed in Ancient and early Medieval Europe, such as the Greek makhaira and the Germanic seax, the direct predecessor of the sabre appears in the context of the Eurasian steppes in the medieval period, connected to the Magyars and the Turkic expansion. These oldest sabres had a slight curve, short, down-turned quillons, the grip facing the opposite direction to the blade and a sharp point with the top third of the reverse edge sharpened.

Early modern period

A szabla used by Polish Hussars, 1614

The Sword Dance (1890) by Paja Jovanović

Further information: Swiss sabre and Dusack

The introduction of the sabre proper in Western Europe, along with the term sabre itself, dates to the 17th century, via the influence of the Eastern European szabla type ultimately derived from these medieval backswords. The adoption of the term is connected to the employment of Hungarian hussar (huszár) cavalry by Western armies at the time. Hungarian hussars were employed as light cavalry, with the role of harassing enemy skirmishers, overrunning artillery positions, and pursuing fleeing troops. In the late 17th and 18th centuries, many Hungarian hussars fled to other Central and Western European countries and became the core of light cavalry formations created there. The Hungarian term szablya is ultimately traced to the northwestern Turkic selebe, with contamination from the Hungarian verb szab "to cut".

The original type of sabre, or Polish szabla, was used as a cavalry weapon, possibly inspired by Hungarian or wider Turco-Mongol warfare.

The karabela was a type of szabla popular in the late 17th century, worn by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth nobility class, the szlachta. While designed as a cavalry weapon, it also came to replace various types of straight-bladed swords used by infantry. The Swiss sabre originated as a regular sword with a single-edged blade in the early 16th century, but by the 17th century began to exhibit specialized hilt types.

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Main articles: Szabla and Karabela

In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (16th–18th century) a specific type of sabre-like melee weapon, the szabla, was used. Richly decorated sabres were popular among the Polish nobility, who considered it to be one of the most important pieces of men's traditional attire. With time, the design of the sabre greatly evolved in the commonwealth and gave birth to a variety of sabre-like weapons, intended for many tasks. In the following centuries, the ideology of Sarmatism as well as the Polish fascination with Eastern cultures, customs, cuisine and warfare resulted in the szabla becoming an indispensable part of traditional Polish culture.

Modern use

A British Hussar general with a scabbarded kilij of Turkish manufacture (1812)

The briquet, typical infantry sabre of the Napoleonic Wars

French Navy sabre of the 19th century, boarding sabre

Lieutenant Colonel Teófilo Marxuach's M1902 officer's sabre and scabbard at the National Historic Trust site at Castillo San Cristóbal in San Juan, Puerto Rico

The sabre saw extensive military use in the early 19th century, particularly in the Napoleonic Wars, during which Napoleon used heavy cavalry charges to great effect against his enemies. Shorter versions of the sabre were also used as sidearms by dismounted units, although these were gradually replaced by fascine knives and sword bayonets as the century went on. Although there was extensive debate over the effectiveness of weapons such as the sabre and lance, the sabre remained the standard weapon of cavalry for mounted action in most armies until World War I. Thereafter it was gradually relegated to the status of a ceremonial weapon, and most horse cavalry was replaced by armoured cavalry from 1930 on.

Where horse mounted cavalry survived into World War II it was generally as mounted infantry without sabres. However the sabre was still carried by German cavalry until after the Polish campaign of 1939, after which this historic weapon was put into store.

Romanian cavalry continued to carry their straight "thrusting" sabres on active service until at least 1941.

Napoleonic era

Sabres were commonly used by the British in the Napoleonic era for light cavalry and infantry officers, as well as others. The elegant but effective 1803 pattern sword that the British Government authorized for use by infantry officers during the wars against Napoleon featured a curved sabre blade which was often blued and engraved by the owner in accordance with his personal taste, and was based on the famously agile 1796 light cavalry sabre that was renowned for its brutal cutting power. Sabres were commonly used throughout this era by all armies, in much the same way that the British did.

The popularity of the sabre had rapidly increased in Britain throughout the 18th century for both infantry and cavalry use. This influence was predominately from southern and eastern Europe, with the Hungarians and Austrians listed as sources of influence for the sword and style of swordsmanship in British sources. The popularity of sabres had spread rapidly through Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries, and finally came to dominance as a military weapon in the British army in the 18th century, though straight blades remained in use by some, such as heavy cavalry units. (These were also replaced by sabres soon after the Napoleonic era).

The introduction of 'pattern' swords in the British army in 1788 led to a brief departure from the sabre in infantry use (though not for light cavalry), in favour of the lighter and straight bladed spadroon. The spadroon was universally unpopular, and many officers began to unofficially purchase and carry sabres once more. In 1799, the army accepted this under regulation for some units, and in 1803, produced a dedicated pattern of sabre for certain infantry officers (flank, rifle and staff officers). The 1803 pattern quickly saw much more widespread use than the regulation intended due to its effectiveness in combat, and fashionable appeal.

Pattern 1796 light cavalry sabre

The most famous British sabre of the Napoleonic era is the 1796 light cavalry model, used by troopers and officers alike (officers versions can vary a little, but are much the same as the pattern troopers sword) It was in part designed by the famous John Le Marchant (British Army officer, born 1766), who worked to improve on the previous (1788) design based on his experience with the Austrians and Hungarians. Le Marchant also developed the first official British military sword exercise manual based on this experience, and his light cavalry sabre, and style of swordsmanship went on to heavily influence the training of the infantry and the navy. The 1796 light cavalry sword was known for its brutal cutting power, easily severing limbs, and leading to the (unsubstantiated) myth that the French put in an official complaint to the British about its ferocity. This sword also saw widespread use with mounted artillery units, and the numerous militia units established in Britain to protect against a potential invasion by Napoleon.

Mameluke swords &c

Further information: Mameluke sword

Though the sabre had already become very popular in Britain, experience in Egypt did lead to a fashion trend for mameluke sword style blades, a type of Middle Eastern scimitar, by some infantry and cavalry officers. These blades differ from the more typical British ones in that they have more extreme curvatures, in that they are usually not fullered, and in that they taper to a finer point. Mameluke swords also gained some popularity in France as well. Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, himself carried a mameluke-style sword. In 1831, the 'Mameluke' sword became the pattern sword for British generals, as well as officers of the United States Marine Corps; in this last capacity, it is still in such use at the present time.

United States

The American victory over the rebellious forces in the citadel of Tripoli in 1805, during the First Barbary War, led to the presentation of bejewelled examples of these swords to the senior officers of the US Marines. Officers of the US Marine Corps still use a mameluke-pattern dress sword. Although some genuine Turkish kilij sabres were used by Westerners, most "mameluke sabres" were manufactured in Europe; although their hilts were very similar in form to the Ottoman prototype, their blades, even when an expanded yelman was incorporated, tended to be longer, narrower and less curved than those of the true kilij.

In the American Civil War, the sabre was used infrequently as a weapon, but saw notable deployment in the Battle of Brandy Station and at East Cavalry Field at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863. Many cavalrymen--particularly on the Confederate side--eventually abandoned the long, heavy weapons in favour of revolvers and carbines.

The last sabre issued to US cavalry was the Patton saber of 1913, designed to be mounted to the cavalryman's saddle. A US War Department circular dated April 18, 1934 announced that the saber would no longer be issued to cavalry, and that it was to be completely discarded for use as a weapon. Only dress sabers, for use by officers only, and strictly as a badge of rank, were to be retained.

Police

During the 19th and into the early 20th century, sabres were also used by both mounted and dismounted personnel in some European police forces. When the sabre was used by mounted police against crowds, the results could be devastating, as portrayed in a key scene in Doctor Zhivago. The sabre was later phased out in favour of the baton, or nightstick, for both practical and humanitarian reasons. The Gendarmerie of Belgium used them until at least 1950, and the Swedish police forces until 1965.

Contemporary dress uniform

Further information: Dress uniform, ceremonial sword, and Color guard

Swords with sabre blades remain a component of the dress uniforms worn by most national Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine and Coast Guard officers. Some militaries also issue ceremonial swords to their highest-ranking non-commissioned officers; this is seen as an honour since, typically, non-commissioned, enlisted/other-rank military service members are instead issued a cutlass blade rather than a sabre. Sword deployments in the modern military are no longer intended for use as weapons, and now serve primarily in ornamental or ceremonial functions. One distinctive ceremonial function a sabre serves in modern times is the Saber arch, performed for servicemen or women getting married.

Modern sport fencing

Main article: Sabre (fencing)

The modern fencing sabre bears little resemblance to the cavalry sabre, having a thin, 88 cm (35 in) long straight blade. Rather, it is based upon the Italian dueling saber of classical fencing. One of the three weapons used in the sport of fencing, it is a very fast-paced weapon with bouts characterized by quick footwork and cutting with the edge. The only allowed target area is from the waist up - the region a mounted man could reach on a foe on the ground.

The concept of attacking above the waist only is a 20th-century change to the sport; previously sabreurs used to pad their legs against cutting slashes from their opponents. The reason for the above waist rule is unknown, as the sport of sabre fencing is based on the use of infantry sabres, not cavalry sabres.

See also

• Pattern 1796 light cavalry sabre
• Pattern 1908 and 1912 cavalry swords
• Szabla wz. 34
• Sabrage, the act of opening a Champagne bottle with a sabre
• Buffalo Sabres, take their name from the sword
• Cutlass
• Dao or tao, the Chinese equivalent
• Scimitar, the Arab equivalent
• Shamshir, the Persian equivalent
• Szabla, the Central European equivalent
• Talwar, the South Asian equivalent
• Zulfiqar
• Barbourofelidae, and Nimravidae, feliforms of which some members are called "sabre-toothed cats"
• Machairodontinae, the group of felids commonly called "sabre-toothed cats"
• Lightsaber, a fictional sword-like melee weapon used in the Star Wars universe

References

• W. Kwaśniewicz, Dzieje szabli w Polsce, Warszawa (History of the Sabre in Poland), Dom wydawniczy Bellona, 1999 ISBN 83-11-08894-2.
• Wojciech Zablocki, "Ciecia Prawdziwa Szabla", Wydawnictwo "Sport i Turystyka" (1989) (English abstract by Richard Orli, 2000, kismeta.com).
• Richard Marsden, The Polish Saber, Tyrant Industries (2015)

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• The relationship between sleep quality and all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality: the Southall and Brent REvisited study (SABRE).

• Garfield V, Joshi R, Garcia-Hernandez J, Tillin T, Chaturvedi N.
• Sleep medicine. 2019 Aug;60()230-235.
• Both long and short sleep duration increase risk of mortality. Most previous studies have been performed in Europeans and have focused on sleep duration. Thus, we aimed to investigate the association between sleep quality and mortality across three different ethnic groups. We used data from the Sout
• PMID 31182326

• Quasi-Resonance Fluorine-19 Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange.

• Ariyasingha NM, Lindale JR, Eriksson SL, Clark GP, Theis T, Shchepin RV, Chukanov NV, Kovtunov KV, Koptyug IV, Warren WS, Chekmenev EY.
• The journal of physical chemistry letters. 2019 Jul;().
• We report on an extension of the QUASi-Resonance (QUASR) pulse sequence used for Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange (SABRE), showing that we may target distantly J-coupled 19F-spins. Polarization transfer from the parahydrogen-derived hydrides to the 19F nucleus is accomplished via weak fiv
• PMID 31291106

• Pharmacokinetics of the SABRE agent 4,6-d-nicotinamide and also nicotinamide in rats following oral and intravenous administration.

• Linnik IV, Rayner PJ, Stow RA, Duckett SB, Cheetham GMT.
• European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2019 Jul;135()32-37.
• To prepare the way for using the isotopically labelled SABRE hyperpolarized 4,6-d-nicotinamide as an MRI agent in humans we have performed an in-vivo study to measure its pharmacokinetics in the plasma of healthy rats after intravenous and oral administration. Male Han Wistar rats were dosed with ei
• PMID 31077749

Japanese Journal

• 米国・EU独禁法判例研究(第121回)GDSサービス供給者が課した垂直的制限とシャーマン反トラスト法1条 : 二面プラットフォームが供給するサービスの反競争効果[US Airways Inc., v. Sabre Holdings Corp., No. CIV. 2725 (LDS), 2017 WL 1064709 (S.D.N.Y., 2017)]

• 井畑 陽平
• 公正取引 (816), 90-97, 2018-10
• NAID 40021708246

• 症例報告 液状変性が明らかであり円板状エリテマトーデスとの鑑別を要した剣創状強皮症の1例

• 伊藤 祐太,簗場 広一,中川 秀己,伊東 秀記
• 臨床皮膚科 = Japanese journal of clinical dermatology 72(3), 221-224, 2018-03
• NAID 40021498886

• ステロイドとメソトレキセート内服併用療法が著効した小児の剣創状強皮症

• 砂川 文,山口 さやか,宮城 拓也,岡本 有香,山城 充士,山本 雄一,高橋 健造
• 西日本皮膚科 80(4), 336-339, 2018
• <p>13 歳，女児。3 カ月前より眉間部に線状の紅斑が出現し，次第に拡大した。臨床症状と病理所見より剣創状強皮症と診断した。ステロイド外用と紫外線療法を開始したが改善せず，ステロイドとメソトレキセート内服併用療法を行い，4 週間後に紅斑が改善し，2 年後には略治した。治療中，明らかな副作用はなかった。本邦において，剣創状強皮症に対するステロイドとメソトレキセート併用療法の報告例は少な …
• NAID 130007503565

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