WordNet

the branch of medicine dealing with the study and treatment of pathologies of the muscles or tendons or joints

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/10/13 07:48:18」(JST)

wiki en

Rheumatism or rheumatic disorder is an umbrella term for conditions causing chronic, often intermittent pain affecting the joints and/or connective tissue. The study of, and therapeutic interventions in, such disorders is called rheumatology.^[1] The term "rheumatism", however, does not designate any specific disorder, but covers at least 200^{[citation needed]} different conditions.

Sources dealing with rheumatism tend to focus on arthritis,^{[citation needed]} but "rheumatism" may also refer to other conditions causing chronic pain, grouped as "non-articular rheumatism", also known as "regional pain syndrome" or "soft tissue rheumatism".^[2] The term "Rheumatic Diseases" is used in MeSH to refer to connective tissue disorders.^[3]

History

The term rheumatism stems from the Late Latin rheumatismus, ultimately from Greek ῥευματίζομαι "to suffer from a flux", with rheum meaning bodily fluids, i.e. any discharge of blood or bodily fluid. In the Gospel of Mark 5:25 ῥύσις, from the same root, is used for "flow of (menstrual) blood", translated as "flux" in the King James Version of the Bible.

Before the 17th century, the joint pain which was thought to be caused by viscous humours seeping into the joints was always referred to as gout, a word adopted in Middle English from Old French gote "a drop; the gout, rheumatism", not to be confused with the present day specific term referring to excess of uric acid.^{[citation needed]}

The Anglosaxon term rheumatism in the current sense has been in use since the late 17th century, as it was believed that chronic joint pain was caused by excessive flow of rheum which means bodily fluids into a joint.^[4]

Types

Many rheumatic disorders of chronic, intermittent joint pain have historically been caused by infectious diseases. Their etiology was unknown until the 20th century and not treatable, like Lyme disease (in the Northern and Northeastern US), coccidiomycosis or Valley fever (in the Western US), and Chikungunya in India and a myriad of causes for postinfectious arthritis also known as reactive arthritis like, for example, the once very common rheumatic fever after Group A Streptococcus infection up to the rare Whipple's disease.

Major rheumatic disorders currently recognized ^{[according to whom?]} include

Back pain
Bursitis/Tendinitis of the shoulder, wrist, biceps, leg, knee cap (patella), ankle, hip, and Achilles tendon
Capsulitis
Neck pain
Osteoarthritis
Palindromic rheumatism has been theorized to be a form of rheumatoid arthritis.^[5]

Although these disorders probably have little in common in terms of their epidemiology, they do share three characteristics: they cause chronic, often intermittent pain, they are difficult to treat and are collectively very common.

Rheumatic diseases caused by autoimmunity include:

Ankylosing spondylitis
relapsing polychondritis^[6]
systemic lupus erythematosus
rheumatoid arthritis
gout, inflammatory arthritis, pseudogout
juvenile arthritis
Sjögren syndrome
scleroderma
Polymyositis
Dermatomyositis
Behçet's disease
Psoriatic arthritis^[7]

Treatment

A vast number of traditional herbal remedies were recommended for "rheumatism".^[8] Modern medicine, both conventional and alternative, recognises that the different rheumatic disorders have different causes (and several of them have multiple causes) and require different kinds of treatment.

Nevertheless, initial therapy of the major rheumatological diseases is with analgesics, such as paracetamol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), members of which are ibuprofen and naproxen. Often, stronger analgesics are required.

The ancient Greeks recorded that bee venom had some beneficial effects on some types of rheumatism. Bee and ant stings were known as a folk remedy in the late 19th century, and at least one physician developed a treatment consisting of repeated formic acid injections.^[9] Certain Amazonian tribes, including the Zo'é, use fire ant stings as a remedy for aches and pains.^[10]

Cod liver oil has also been used as a remedy.

Neem Tree Oil according to East Indian cultures has also been used as a remedy.^[11]

Weather

There has long been said to be a link between "rheumatic" pain and the weather. There appears to be no firm evidence in favour or against; a 1995 questionnaire given to 557 people by A. Naser and others at the Brigham and Women's Hospital's Pain Management Center concludes that "changes in barometric pressure are the main link between weather and pain. Low pressure is generally associated with cold, wet weather and an increase in pain. Clear, dry conditions signal high pressure and a decrease in pain."

References

^ "rheumatism" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ "eMedicine - Nonarticular Rheumatism/Regional Pain Syndrome : Article by Daniel Muller".
^ Rheumatic Diseases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
^ Barnhart, Robert K., ed., Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology, H.W. Wilson Co., 1988. Quote "The meaning of a disease of the joints is first recorded in 1688, because rheumatism was thought to be caused by an excessive flow of rheum into a joint thereby stretching ligaments"
^ Salvador G, Gomez A, Vinas O, et al. (August 2003). "Prevalence and clinical significance of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide and antikeratin antibodies in palindromic rheumatism. An abortive form of rheumatoid arthritis?". Rheumatology (Oxford). 42 (8): 972–5. PMID 12730510. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keg268.
^ Puéchal, X; Terrier, B; Mouthon, L; Costedoat-Chalumeau, N; Guillevin, L; Le Jeunne, C (March 2014). "Relapsing polychondritis.". Joint, bone, spine : revue du rhumatisme. 81 (2): 118–24. PMID 24556284. doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.01.001.
^ Janeways: "immunology"
^ Vogl, S; Picker, P; Mihaly-Bison, J; Fakhrudin, N; Atanasov, AG; Heiss, EH; Wawrosch, C; Reznicek, G; Dirsch, VM; Saukel, J; Kopp, B (2013). "Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine--an unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 149 (3): 750–71. PMC 3791396 . PMID 23770053. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007.
^ https://books.google.com/books?id=CQlIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA512&lpg=PA512&dq=Rheumatism+formic+acid&source=bl&ots=WeHqip7rQJ&sig=gwsio2HDrcF0opUHbGK6DkcDfTQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OfzvU62dNY-0yATOy4GIDA&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Rheumatism%20formic%20acid&f=false
^ Isolated: The Zo'é tribe (documentary)
^ Isha Foundation

External links

American College of Rheumatology
EULAR - The European League Against Rheumatism
Cloudy with a Chance of Pain - A smartphone-based study.
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases - US National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. リウマチ性血管炎の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of rheumatoid vasculitis
2. 非チフス性サルモネラ菌血症 nontyphoidal salmonella bacteremia
3. B型肝炎ウイルス感染の疫学、伝染、および予防 epidemiology transmission and prevention of hepatitis b virus infection
4. 女性における慢性骨盤痛の原因 causes of chronic pelvic pain in women
5. Clinical features and diagnosis of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease in adults

English Journal

Impact of esophagogastroduodenoscopy and ileocolonoscopy on diagnosis and therapy in patients with rheumatic diseases-a retrospective cohort study.

Schäfer VS1, Fleck M2,3, Ehrenstein B2, Peters AK2, Hartung W2.
Modern rheumatology / the Japan Rheumatism Association.Mod Rheumatol.2016 Jul;26(4):594-7. doi: 10.3109/14397595.2015.1112466. Epub 2016 Apr 21.
OBJECTIVES: Many rheumatic diseases as well as their medications may cause gastrointestinal (GI) pathologies; in addition, some primary GI diseases may contribute or lead to rheumatic disease manifestations. The aim of this study is to analyze the clinical relevance of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EG
PMID 26529497

Landmark papers on the discovery of methotrexate for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other systemic inflammatory rheumatic diseases: a fascinating story.

Malaviya AN1.
International journal of rheumatic diseases.Int J Rheum Dis.2016 Jun 13. doi: 10.1111/1756-185X.12862. [Epub ahead of print]
This review highlights the story of how methotrexate (MTX), a drug discovered for the treatment of childhood leukemia, became the mainstay of treatment and the standard-of-care for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and was also found useful for several additional related rheumatological diseases. As against
PMID 27293066

[Improvement of the diagnostic accuracy in patients with suspected rheumatic disease by preselection in the early arthritis clinic : An alternative to the appointment service point model of the Healthcare Improvement Act].

Keyßer G1, Oye S2, Feist T3, Liebhaber A4, Babinsky K4, Schobess R5, Boldemann RD6, Wagner S7, Linde T7.
Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie.Z Rheumatol.2016 Jun 6. [Epub ahead of print]
The diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory rheumatic diseases can be delayed by a long waiting period for an appointment with a rheumatologist. This study investigated whether preselection of patients in an early arthritis clinic is a suitable tool to improve this situation. In 2006 an early arthri
PMID 27270954

Japanese Journal

09-3 New approach to water treatments: hydrology, balneotherapy and thalassotherapy the new health tourism

CERRADA Alberto
日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌 77(5), 490-491, 2014
… Climatological conditions are special and the thermal waters rich in sulfur, bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium and radon.<BR> Traditional programs as rheumatological treatments, rehabilitation, respiratory, dermatological and digestive by hydropinic cure, but there is a new concept: The medical offer can be extended and divided in several units:<BR>- Fertility and women unity. …
NAID 130004719523

A study of the link between bone turnover markers and bone mineral density with inflammation and body mass in postmenopausal women with active rheumatoid arthritis

STRABURZYNSKA-LUPA Anna,NOWAK Alicja,ROMANOWSKI Wojciech,KORMAN Pawel,PILACZYNSKA-SZCZESNIAK Lucja
Journal of bone and mineral metabolism 31(2), 169-176, 2013-03-30
NAID 10031168852

Team-based Learning Using an Audience Response System: A Possible New Strategy for Interactive Medical Education

Fujikura Terumichi,Takeshita Toshiyuki,Homma Hiroshi,Adachi Kouji,Miyake Koichi,Kudo Mitsuhiro,Takizawa Takami,Nagayama Hiroshi,Hirakawa Keiko
Journal of Nippon Medical School 80(1), 63-69, 2013
Following the "Guidelines for reporting TBL" by Haidet et al, we report on a team-based learning (TBL) course we adopted for our 4th-year students in 2011. Our TBL course is a modified version of the …
NAID 130004147207