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any of a group of arboviruses including those causing rabies

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/19 19:57:52」(JST)

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Rhabdoviruses are viruses belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae, which is in the order Mononegavirales. The name is derived from the Greek rhabdos meaning rod referring to the shape of the viral particles. Rhabdoviruses infect a broad range of hosts throughout the animal and plant kingdoms. Animal rhabdoviruses infect insects, fish, and mammals, including humans.

Virology Classification[edit]

Rhabdoviruses carry their genetic material in the form of negative-sense single-stranded RNA. They typically carry genes for five proteins: large protein (L), glycoprotein (G), nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), and matrix protein (M). Rhabdoviruses that infect vertebrates are usually bullet-shaped.

The following genera are included here:

Genus Cytorhabdovirus; type species: Lettuce necrotic yellows virus
Genus Dichorhabdovirus; type species: Orchid fleck virus
Genus Ephemerovirus; type species: Bovine ephemeral fever virus
Genus Lyssavirus; type species: Rabies virus
Genus Novirhabdovirus; type species: Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus
Genus Nucleorhabdovirus; type species: Potato yellow dwarf virus
Genus Perhabdovirus; type species: Perch rhabdovirus
Genus Sigmavirus; type species: Drosophila melanogaster sigmavirus
Genus Tibrovirus; type species: Tibrogargan virus
Genus Vesiculovirus; type species: Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus

In addition to the above, there are a large number of rhabdoviruses (~130) that have not yet been assigned to a genus.

Clades[edit]

These viruses fall into four groups based on the RNA polymerase gene.^[1] The basal clade appears to be the Novirhabdoviruses which infect fish. The Cytorhabdoviruses and the Nucleorhabdoviruses which infect plants are sister clades. The Lyssaviruses form a clade of their own which is more closely related to the land vertebrate and insect clades than to the plant viruses. The remaining viruses form a number of highly branched clades and infect arthropods and land vertebrates.

Replication[edit]

Replication of many rhabdoviruses occurs in the cytoplasm, although several of the plant infecting viruses replicate in the nucleus. In order for replication, both the L and P protein must be expressed to regulate transcription. Transcription results in five monocistronic mRNAs being produced because the intergenic sequences act as both termination and promoter sequences for adjacent genes. During their synthesis the mRNAs are processed to introduce a 5' cap and a 3’ polyadenylated tail to each of the molecules. This structure is homologous to cellular mRNAs and can thus be translated by cellular ribosomes to produce both structural and non-structural proteins.

Genomic replication requires a source of newly synthesized N protein to encapsidate the RNA. This occurs during its synthesis and results in the production of a full length anti-genomic copy. This in turn is used to produce more negative-sense genomic RNA. The viral polymerase is required for this process, but how the polymerase engages in both mRNA synthesis and genomic replication is not well understood.

Replication characteristically occurs in an inclusion body within the cytoplasm, from where they bud through various cytoplasmic membranes and the outer membrane of the cell. This process results in the acquisition of the M + G proteins, responsible for the characteristic bullet- shaped morphology of the virus.

Prototypical Rhabdoviruses[edit]

The prototypical and best studied rhabdovirus is vesicular stomatitis virus. It is a preferred model system to study the biology of Rhabdoviruses, and Mononegavirales in general.

The mammalian disease Rabies is caused by Lyssavirus, of which several strains have been identified.

Rhabdoviruses are important pathogens of animals and plants. Rhabdoviruses include RaV (Rabies virus), VSV (Vesicular stomatitis virus). Rhabdoviruses are transmitted to hosts by arthropods, such as aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, black flies, sandflies, and mosquitoes.

In September 2012, researchers writing in the journal PLOS Pathogens described a species of rhabdovirus, called Bas-Congo Virus or BASV, responsible for 4 cases of viral hemorrhagic fever in the Bas-Congo district in 2009. The 2 non-fatal cases occurred in healthcare workers treating the other 2, suggesting the possibility of person-to-person transmission.^[2]

References[edit]

^ Grard G, Fair JN, Lee D, Slikas E, Steffen I, Muyembe JJ, Sittler T, Veeraraghavan N, Ruby JG, Wang C, Makuwa M, Mulembakani P, Tesh RB, Mazet J, Rimoin AW, Taylor T, Schneider BS, Simmons G, Delwart E, Wolfe ND, Chiu CY, Leroy EM (2012) A novel rhabdovirus associated with acute hemorrhagic fever in central Africa. PLoS Pathog 8(9):e1002924. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002924
^ Grard (2012-09-27). "A Novel Rhabdovirus Associated with Acute Hemorrhagic Fever in Central Africa". Retrieved 2012-09-30.

External links[edit]

ViralZone: Rhabdoviridae
MicrobiologyBytes: Rhabdoviruses
Rhabdovirus overview
RNA virus replication strategies
Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Rhabdoviridae

English Journal

Initial sequence characterization of the rhabdoviruses of squamate reptiles, including a novel rhabdovirus from a caiman lizard (Dracaena guianensis).

Wellehan JF Jr, Pessier AP, Archer LL, Childress AL, Jacobson ER, Tesh RB.SourceDepartment of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
Veterinary microbiology.Vet Microbiol.2012 Aug 17;158(3-4):274-9. Epub 2012 Feb 17.
Rhabdoviruses infect a variety of hosts, including non-avian reptiles. Consensus PCR techniques were used to obtain partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene sequence from five rhabdoviruses of South American lizards; Marco, Chaco, Timbo, Sena Madureira, and a rhabdovirus from a caiman lizard (Draca
PMID 22397930

Exposure of US Travelers to Rabid Zebra, Kenya, 2011.

Lankau EW, Montgomery JM, Tack DM, Obonyo M, Kadivane S, Blanton JD, Arvelo W, Jentes ES, Cohen NJ, Brunette GW, Marano N, Rupprecht CE.AbstractTO THE EDITOR: Rabies is an acute progressive encephalitis caused by infection with a lyssavirus (genus Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae) (1). Most human infections are caused by bites from rabid animals, but the virus also can be transmitted by contact of open wounds or mucous membranes with animal saliva (1,2). Prompt administration of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) is recommended to prevent rabies (3). Canids are common sources of human exposures in many regions of Africa, Asia, and Latin America (4). However, all mammals are susceptible, including herbivores such as horses, cattle, and antelope (5-7).
Emerging infectious diseases.Emerg Infect Dis.2012 Jul;18(7):1202-4. doi: 10.3201/eid1807.120081.
TO THE EDITOR: Rabies is an acute progressive encephalitis caused by infection with a lyssavirus (genus Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae) (1). Most human infections are caused by bites from rabid animals, but the virus also can be transmitted by contact of open wounds or mucous membranes with animal
PMID 22709948

Japanese Journal

B35 国内捕集コガタアカイエカから分離された新規ラブドウイルスの性状解析(第62回日本衛生動物学会大会特集)

鍬田龍星,伊澤晴彦,星野啓太,津田良夫,佐々木年則,小林睦生,沢辺京子
衞生動物 61(Supplement), 71, 2010-04-01
NAID 110007573791

IHNVおよび同属のウイルスを抗原としたELISAによるニジマス血清中の抗IHNV抗体検出法

Kim Wi-Sik,Mochizuki Mamiko,Nishizawa Toyohiko,Yoshimizu Mamoru
魚病研究 43(3), 112-116, 2008
… To clarify reasons for these high OD values, each of five IHN-Surv and SPF sera was subjected to ELISA with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) and hirame rhabdovirus (HIRRV) antigens (VHSV-Ag and HIRRV-Ag). …
NAID 130000065679

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「ラブドウイルス科」

Rhabdoviridae
	Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), the prototypical rhabdovirus
Virus classification
Group:	Group V ((-)ssRNA)
Order:	Mononegavirales
Family:	Rhabdoviridae
Genera
	Cytorhabdovirus; Dichorhabdovirus (proposed); Ephemerovirus; Lyssavirus; Novirhabdovirus; Nucleorhabdovirus; Perhabdovirus; Sigmavirus; Tibrovirus; Vesiculovirus;