WordNet

of the transmission gear causing backward movement in a motor vehicle; "in reverse gear"
a relation of direct opposition; "we thought Sue was older than Bill but just the reverse was true" (同)contrary, opposite
the gears by which the motion of a machine can be reversed (同)reverse gear
the side of a coin or medal that does not bear the principal design (同)verso
(American football) a running play in which a back running in one direction hands the ball to a back running in the opposite direction
an unfortunate happening that hinders or impedes; something that is thwarting or frustrating (同)reversal, setback, blow, black_eye
(psychiatry) a defense mechanism in which memory of an unacceptable act or impulse is separated from the emotion originally associated with it
a state of separation between persons or groups
the act of isolating something; setting something apart from others (同)closing off
a countrys withdrawal from international politics; "he opposed a policy of American isolation"
a feeling of being disliked and alone
a lapel on a womans garment; turned back to show the reverse side (同)revere
turned inside out and resewn; "the reversed collar looked as good as new"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(位置・方向・順序などにおいて)『逆の』;裏側の』 / 逆に動かす(動く),バックの / 〈U〉《the reverse》(…の)『反対』,『逆』《+『of』+『名』(『wh』‐節)》》 / 〈U〉《the reverse》(貨幣・メダルなどの)『裏側』,(一般に)(…の)裏面《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(運命などの)逆転,不運 / 〈U〉後退[装置],逆転[装置] / …‘を'『逆にする』,反対にする;…‘を'裏返す / 〈機械など〉‘を'逆転させる,逆方向に動かす / 〈判決など〉‘を'取り消す,破棄する / (ダンスで)逆に回る / 〈機械などが〉逆方向に動く
孤立;隔離,分離
（フランス語）(えりの)裏出し,折り返し
逆にした,反対の,裏返のし;取り消された

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2019/02/02 04:12:29」(JST)

wiki en

This illustration of a TB ward from OSHA demonstrates several aspects of hospital infection control and isolation: engineering controls (dedicated air ductwork), PPE (N95 respirators), warning signs and labels (controlled entry), dedicated disposal container, and enhanced housekeeping practices.

In health care facilities, isolation represents one of several measures that can be taken to implement infection control: the prevention of contagious diseases from being spread from a patient to other patients, health care workers, and visitors, or from outsiders to a particular patient (reverse isolation). Various forms of isolation exist, in some of which contact procedures are modified, and others in which the patient is kept away from all others. In a system devised, and periodically revised, by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), various levels of patient isolation comprise application of one or more formally described "precaution".

Isolation is most commonly used when a patient is known to have a contagious (transmissible person-to-person) viral or bacterial illness.^[1] Special equipment is used in the management of patients in the various forms of isolation. These most commonly include items of personal protective equipment (gowns, masks, and gloves) and engineering controls (positive pressure rooms, negative pressure rooms, laminar air flow equipment, and various mechanical and structural barriers).^[2] Dedicated isolation wards may be pre-built into hospitals, or isolation units may be temporarily designated in facilities in the midst of an epidemic emergency.

1 Definitions
2 Types of precautions
- 2.1 Universal/standard precautions
- 2.2 Transmission-based precautions
3 Forms of isolation
- 3.1 Strict isolation
- 3.2 Contact isolation
- 3.3 Respiratory isolation
- 3.4 Reverse isolation
- 3.5 High isolation
4 Effects of isolation
5 Diseased workers
6 See also
7 References
8 External links

Definitions

Isolation is defined as the voluntary or compulsory separation and confinement of those known or suspected to be infected with a contagious disease agent (whether ill or not) to prevent further infections. (In this form of isolation, transmission-based precautions are imposed.) In contrast, quarantine is the compulsory separation and confinement, with restriction of movement, of healthy individuals or groups who have potentially been exposed to an agent to prevent further infections should infection occur. Biocontainment refers to laboratory biosafety in microbiology laboratories in which the physical containment (BSL-3, BSL-4) of highly pathogenic organisms is accomplished through built-in engineering controls.

Types of precautions

Universal/standard precautions

Universal precautions refer to the practice, in medicine, of avoiding contact with patients' bodily fluids, by means of the wearing of nonporous articles such as medical gloves, goggles, and face shields. The practice was widely introduced in 1985–88.^[3]^[4] In 1987, the practice of universal precautions was adjusted by a set of rules known as body substance isolation. In 1996, both practices were replaced by the latest approach known as standard precautions. Use of personal protective equipment is now recommended in all health settings.

Transmission-based precautions

Transmission-based precautions are additional infection control precautions — over and above universal/standard precautions — and the latest routine infection prevention and control practices applied for patients who are known or suspected to be infected or colonized with infectious agents, including certain epidemiologically important pathogens. The latter require additional control measures to effectively prevent transmission.^[5]^[6]

There are three types of transmission-based precaution:

Contact precautions are intended to prevent transmission of infectious agents, including epidemiologically important microorganisms, which are spread by direct or indirect contact with the patient or the patient’s environment.
Droplet precautions are intended to prevent transmission of pathogens spread through close respiratory or mucous membrane contact with respiratory secretions.
Airborne precautions prevent transmission of infectious agents that remain infectious over long distances when suspended in the air (e.g., rubeola virus [measles], varicella virus [chickenpox], M. tuberculosis, and possibly SARS-CoV).

Forms of isolation

Strict isolation

Strict isolation is used for diseases spread through the air and in some cases by contact.^[2] Patients must be placed in isolation to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.^[7] Those who are kept in strict isolation are often kept in a special room at the facility designed for that purpose. Such rooms are equipped with a special lavatory and caregiving equipment, and a sink and waste disposal are provided for workers upon leaving the area.^[8]

Contact isolation

Contact isolation is used to prevent the spread of diseases that can be spread through contact with open wounds. Health care workers making contact with a patient on contact isolation are required to wear gloves, and in some cases, a gown.

Respiratory isolation

Respiratory isolation is used for diseases that are spread through particles that are exhaled.^[2] Those having contact with or exposure to such a patient are required to wear a mask.

Reverse isolation

Reverse isolation is a way to prevent a patient in a compromised health situation from being contaminated by other people or objects. It often involves the use of laminar air flow and mechanical barriers (to avoid physical contact with others) to isolate the patient from any harmful pathogens present in the external environment.^[9]

High isolation

The Aeromedical Biological Containment System (ABCS) is an air-transportable high isolation module for movement of highly contagious patients.^[10]

High isolation is used to prevent the spread of unusually highly contagious, or high consequence, infectious diseases (e.g., smallpox, Ebola virus). It stipulates mandatory use of: (1) gloves (or double gloves if appropriate), (2) protective eyewear (goggles or face shield), (3) a waterproof gown (or total body Tyvek suit, if appropriate), and (4) a respirator (at least FFP2 or N95 NIOSH equivalent), not simply a surgical mask.^[11] Sometimes negative pressure rooms or powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs) are also used.

Effects of isolation

Isolation can have the following negative effects on patients and staff:

Patient may not be able to receive visitors, and in turn, become lonely
Patient may be anxious
Small children may feel their isolation is a punishment^[12]
Staff may need to spend more time with patients
Patients may not be able to receive certain types of care due to the risk that other patients may become contaminated. This includes forms of care that involve use of equipment common to all patients at the facility, or that involve transporting the patient to an area of the facility common to all patients.

Diseased workers

Isolation wards may need to be hastily improvised during epidemics such as in this image of WHO workers in Lagos, Nigeria managing Ebola patients in 2014.

Health care workers who become infected with certain contagious agents may not be permitted to work with patients for a period of time. While facility rules and laws vary from place to place, a common guideline that has been set is 48 hours of removal.^[8] Technically, however, this form of infection control is not considered "isolation".

References

^ Lawrence J; May D (2003). Infection control in the community. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-443-06406-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c Uys LR (1999). Fundamental nursing. Pearson South Africa. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-636-04208-7.
^ CDC. Update: universal precautions for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and other bloodborne pathogens in health-care settings. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1988;37(24):377-82, 87–8.
^ CDC. Recommendations for preventing transmission of infection with human T- lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus in the workplace. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1985;34(45):681-6, 91–5.
^ Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L, and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings
^ Infection prevention and control of epidemic- and pandemic-prone acute respiratory diseases in health care, WHO Interim Guidelines.2007 p. 53
^ White L (2004). Foundations of nursing. Cengage Learning. p. 757. ISBN 978-1-4018-2692-5.
^ ^a ^b Lawrence J; Dee May (2003). Infection control in the community. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-443-06406-7.
^ Tamaroff MH, Nir Y, Straker N (1986). "Children reared in a reverse isolation environment: effects on cognitive and emotional development". J. Autism Dev. Disord. 16 (4): 415–424. doi:10.1007/bf01531708.
^ Blake, Matthew (17 October 2014). "The private jet NOBODY wants to fly on: Inside the air ambulance used to transport Ebola victims around America". Daily Mail (UK). Retrieved 26 October 2014.
^ Puro, Vincenzo (2008), “Risk management of febrile respiratory illness in Emergency Departments”; New Microbiologica, 31, 165-173.
^ Atkinson LD; Murray ME (1985). Fundamentals of nursing: a nursing process approach. Macmillan Pub. Co. p. 374. ISBN 978-0-02-304590-5.

External links

Chart showing recommendations for various forms of isolation

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English Journal

Expression microdissection isolation of enriched cell populations from archival brain tissue.

Appleby-Mallinder C1, Wyles MD1, Simpson JE1, Wharton SB1, Ince PG1, Heath PR2.
Journal of neuroscience methods.J Neurosci Methods.2016 Aug 1;268:125-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.05.007. Epub 2016 May 10.
BACKGROUND: Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is an established technique for the procurement of enriched cell populations that can undergo further downstream analysis, although it does have limitations. Expression microdissection (xMD) is a new technique that begins to address these pitfalls, suc
PMID 27178137

Development and evaluation of a reverse transcription-insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction (RT-iiPCR) assay for detection of equine arteritis virus in equine semen and tissue samples using the POCKIT™ system.

Carossino M1, Lee PY2, Nam B1, Skillman A1, Shuck KM1, Timoney PJ1, Tsai YL2, Ma LJ2, Chang HF2, Wang HT2, Balasuriya UB3.
Journal of virological methods.J Virol Methods.2016 Aug;234:7-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.02.015. Epub 2016 Mar 29.
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), a respiratory and reproductive disease of horses. Most importantly, EAV induces abortion in pregnant mares and can establish persistent infection in up to 10-70% of the infected stallions, which will continue to she
PMID 27036504

Japanese Journal

Effect of social isolation stress on saliva BDNF in rat

Nakagawa Yusuke,To Masahiro,Saruta Juri,Yamamoto Yuko,Yamamoto Toshiharu,Shimizu Tomoko,Kamata Yohei,Matsuo Masato,Tsukinoki Keiichi
Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ　ｏｆ　Ｏｒａｌ　Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ 61(4), 516-520, 2019
… Social isolation-induced stress models a form of chronic mild stress that induces neurodegenerative changes in the brain and behavioral alterations. … This study employed a rat model to determine whether social isolation stress affects BDNF levels in saliva. … Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to social isolation stress (1 animal/cage) or control (3-4 animals/cage) groups and reared for 8 weeks. …
NAID 130007751513

Phylogenetic Analysis of Dengue Virus in Bangkalan, Madura Island, East Java Province, Indonesia

Sucipto Teguh Hari,Kotaki Tomohiro,Mulyatno Kris Cahyo,Churrotin Siti,Labiqah Amaliah,Soegijanto Soegeng,Kameoka Masanori
Journal of Tropical Medicine (2018), 8127093, 2018-02-15
… Serotyping was conducted using a multiplex Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction and a phylogenetic analysis of E gene sequences was performed using the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. … 17 out of 359 blood samples (4.7%) were positive for the isolation of DENV. …
NAID 120006425670

Isolation and Functional Characterization of New Terpene Synthase Genes from Traditional Edible Plants

Hattan Jun-ichiro,Shindo Kazutoshi,Sasaki Tetsuya,Misawa Norihiko
日本油化学会誌 67(10), 1235-1246, 2018
… plants and developing rhizomes of zedoary, total RNAs were extracted and reverse transcribed. …
NAID 130007497979

Related Pictures

Perfusion Art: PPT - Isolation Class 10 PowerPoint Presentation, free download - ID:653101 PPT - Isolation precautions PowerPoint Presentation - ID:2602738 Debunking Reverse Isolation - nursecode.com PPT - Infection Control PowerPoint Presentation, free download - ID:5970828 Reverse isolation is a method to prevent a patient in a compromised health situation 900234 - Isolation Sign - Reverse

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「逆隔離」
関連記事	「reverse」「isolation」

「逆隔離」

　　[★]

英: reverse isolation
関: 隔離

「reverse」

　　[★]

v.

逆転させる、逆行する、逆戻りさせる、リバースする

adj.

逆の、逆性の

関: adversely、backward、converse、conversely、inverse、inversely、opposite、oppositely、retro、reversal

「isolation」

　　[★]

n.

単離、分離、隔離、アイソレーション

[LawrenceMay2003a-1] Lawrence J; May D (2003). Infection control in the community. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-443-06406-7.

[Uys249-2] Uys LR (1999). Fundamental nursing. Pearson South Africa. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-636-04208-7.

[3] CDC. Update: universal precautions for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and other bloodborne pathogens in health-care settings. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1988;37(24):377-82, 87–8.

[4] CDC. Recommendations for preventing transmission of infection with human T- lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus in the workplace. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1985;34(45):681-6, 91–5.

[autogenerated2007-5] Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L, and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings

[6] Infection prevention and control of epidemic- and pandemic-prone acute respiratory diseases in health care, WHO Interim Guidelines.2007 p. 53

[WHITE2004-7] White L (2004). Foundations of nursing. Cengage Learning. p. 757. ISBN 978-1-4018-2692-5.

[LawrenceMay2003b-8] Lawrence J; Dee May (2003). Infection control in the community. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-443-06406-7.

[titleChildren_reared_in_a_reverse_isolation_environment:_effects_on_cognitive_and_emotional_development-9] Tamaroff MH, Nir Y, Straker N (1986). "Children reared in a reverse isolation environment: effects on cognitive and emotional development". J. Autism Dev. Disord. 16 (4): 415–424. doi:10.1007/bf01531708.

[10] Blake, Matthew (17 October 2014). "The private jet NOBODY wants to fly on: Inside the air ambulance used to transport Ebola victims around America". Daily Mail (UK). Retrieved 26 October 2014.

[11] Puro, Vincenzo (2008), “Risk management of febrile respiratory illness in Emergency Departments”; New Microbiologica, 31, 165-173.

[AtkinsonMurray1985-12] Atkinson LD; Murray ME (1985). Fundamentals of nursing: a nursing process approach. Macmillan Pub. Co. p. 374. ISBN 978-0-02-304590-5.

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