retroflection

WordNet

the act of bending backward (同)retroflexion
an articulatory gesture made by turning the tip of the tongue back against the roof of the mouth (同)retroflexion

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/16 20:11:43」(JST)

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Retroflection is the movement of an ocean current that doubles back on itself.

Usage history

More commonly used to describe the way the mammalian intestine or uterus might turn back on itself, retroflection was first used in an oceanographic sense in 1970 by South African oceanographer Nils Bang, to describe the Agulhas Current^[1] which curves on itself at the southern tip of Africa to become the Aghulhas Return Current.^[2] Bang credited the inspiration for the metaphor to his wife, Alison Coombe Bang, a nursing sister, who mentioned the term during her midwifery studies. Bang's research, through the University of Cape Town, was done on a limited budget and with rudimentary equipment,^[3] yet his studies using closely spaced bathythermograph readings, were later corroborated by satellite thermal imagery. The term was then revived^[4] and is now common parlance among oceanographers. The Agulhas current's retroflection is now key to an understanding of its dynamics.^[5]

Retroflection regions

The North Brazil Current (NBC) is a western boundary current that flows off the coast of northeast Brazil, in the tropical Atlantic that transports upper ocean waters across the equator. It retroflects between 4°N and 10°N. Particularly during summer and fall, the NBC retroflects from the coast at 6° to 7°N and feeds the North Equatorial Countercurrent and North Equatorial Undercurrent. The NBC sheds large anticyclonic rings that move northwestward along the continental break. (Didden and Schott, 1993). These warm rings could play an important role in the net meridional transport of warm water in the upper layers of the Atlantic Ocean as part of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC).^[6]^[7]

In the southeast Atlantic Ocean the current retroflects (turns back on itself) in the Agulhas Retroflection due to shear interactions with the strong Antarctic Circumpolar Current. This water becomes the Agulhas Return Current, rejoining the Indian Ocean Gyre. It is estimated that up to 85 Sv (Sverdrups) of the net transport is returned to the Indian Ocean through the retroflection. The remaining water is transported into the South Atlantic Gyre in the Agulhas Leakage. Along with direct branch currents, this leakage takes place in surface water filaments, and Agulhas Eddies.^[8]

References

^ J. R. E. Lutjeharms (2006). Three decades of research on the greater Agulhas Current. Ocean Sci. Discuss., 3, 939–995
^ Bang, N. D. (1970). Dynamic interpretations of a detailed surface temperature chart of the Agulhas Current retroflection and fragmentation area. South African Geographical Journal, 52, 67–76
^ Sciendaba, Vol XII No 48, 15 December 1977
^ Lutjeharms, J. R. E (1981) Features of the southern Agulhas Current circulation from satellite remote sensing, South African Journal of Science, 77, 231–236, 1981
^ Sciendaba, Vol XII No 48, 15 December 1977
^ This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
- "Long Term Time Series of Surface Currents, North Brazil Current" (Online (website)). NOAA-AOML. June 8, 2007. Retrieved 2011-05-28.
^ This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
- "North Brazil Current" (Online (website)). NOAA-AOML. Retrieved 2011-05-28.
^ This paragraph is copied from the section entitled Retroflection in the Wikipedia article entitled Agulhas Current. This for attribution only and it is not considered a reliable source.

English Journal

Benchtop testing and comparisons among three types of through-the-scope endoscopic clipping devices.

Daram SR1, Tang SJ, Wu R, To SD.
Surgical endoscopy.Surg Endosc.2013 May;27(5):1521-9. doi: 10.1007/s00464-012-2679-4. Epub 2013 Jan 5.
BACKGROUND: Through-the-scope (TTS) endoscopic clipping devices are widely used. No benchtop testing or direct comparisons of these endoclips have been performed to show their rotational ability and inherent mechanical strengths during closure and after deployment. This study aimed to provide bencht
PMID 23292554

Biomechanics of the female pelvic floor: a prospective trail of the alteration of force-displacement-vectors in parous and nulliparous women.

Strauss C1, Lienemann A, Spelsberg F, Bauer M, Jonat W, Strauss A.
Archives of gynecology and obstetrics.Arch Gynecol Obstet.2012 Mar;285(3):741-7. doi: 10.1007/s00404-011-2024-5. Epub 2011 Aug 31.
OBJECTIVE: We hypothesize that the holistic and multiplanar depiction of pelvic floor structures by dynamic MRI is of particular value in rendering information about the extent of functional changes that can lead to pelvic floor dysfunction.METHODS: 134 women were prospectively included for assessme
PMID 21879335

Ancient divergence in the trans-oceanic deep-sea shark Centroscymnus crepidater.

Cunha RL1, Coscia I, Madeira C, Mariani S, Stefanni S, Castilho R.
PloS one.PLoS One.2012;7(11):e49196. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049196. Epub 2012 Nov 8.
Unravelling the genetic structure and phylogeographic patterns of deep-sea sharks is particularly challenging given the inherent difficulty in obtaining samples. The deep-sea shark Centroscymnus crepidater is a medium-sized benthopelagic species that exhibits a circumglobal distribution occurring bo
PMID 23145122

Japanese Journal

Upper-ocean hydrodynamics along meridional sections in the southwest Indian sector of the Southern Ocean during austral summer 2007

Luis Alvarinho J.,Sudhakar M.
Polar science 3(1), 13-30, 2009-06
… The northern and southern branches of Subantarctic Front on both tracks coalesce, while the Agulhas Retroflection Front (AF) and South Subtropical Front (SSTF) merge between 43° and 44°S on Track-2. …
NAID 110007121877

INVESTIGATIONS ON THE CALORIC TEST

小野泰三郎
日本耳鼻咽喉科学会会報 63(3), 739-756, 1960
… The preferable temperature is 27°C, 30°C or 44°C and the suitable quan-tity of water in 20cc or 50cc.2) Not only duration but latency and number of nystagmus is significant as an indicator of the caloric test.3) The best head position is 60° retroflection (this position is most sensitive to thermic stimul-ation), but a supine position with a pillow is also allowed for the clinical test.4) Observations on the nystagmus are difficult when eye position is directed to opposite side. …
NAID 130000802895

Related Pictures

Retroflection By Giftcraft 485037 Blue Cat SCIENCE FOCUS: THE AGULHAS RETROFLECTION Retroflection - Teapot Chatterbox | at Retroflection - Arthur Blythe | Songs Upstream Retroflection Retroflection Fridge Tea for One by Retroflection - Rock Around The Clock

[1] J. R. E. Lutjeharms (2006). Three decades of research on the greater Agulhas Current. Ocean Sci. Discuss., 3, 939–995

[2] Bang, N. D. (1970). Dynamic interpretations of a detailed surface temperature chart of the Agulhas Current retroflection and fragmentation area. South African Geographical Journal, 52, 67–76

[3] Sciendaba, Vol XII No 48, 15 December 1977

[4] Lutjeharms, J. R. E (1981) Features of the southern Agulhas Current circulation from satellite remote sensing, South African Journal of Science, 77, 231–236, 1981

[5] Sciendaba, Vol XII No 48, 15 December 1977

[NBC-1-6] This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

"Long Term Time Series of Surface Currents, North Brazil Current" (Online (website)). NOAA-AOML. June 8, 2007. Retrieved 2011-05-28.

[7] "Long Term Time Series of Surface Currents, North Brazil Current" (Online (website)). NOAA-AOML. June 8, 2007. Retrieved 2011-05-28.

[NBC-2-7] This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

"North Brazil Current" (Online (website)). NOAA-AOML. Retrieved 2011-05-28.

[9] "North Brazil Current" (Online (website)). NOAA-AOML. Retrieved 2011-05-28.

[8] This paragraph is copied from the section entitled Retroflection in the Wikipedia article entitled Agulhas Current. This for attribution only and it is not considered a reliable source.

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