資源

WordNet

available source of wealth; a new or reserve supply that can be drawn upon when needed
a source of aid or support that may be drawn upon when needed; "the local library is a valuable resource"
the ability to deal resourcefully with unusual problems; "a man of resource" (同)resourcefulness, imagination
natural resources in the form of arable land
assets in the form of material possessions

PrepTutorEJDIC

《複数形で》(国の)『資源』,物資,資産,財源・臨機応変の才,機転 / 〈C〉(まさかのときの)最後の手段,とっておきの手 / 〈C〉(…の)源泉,(…を)生み出すもの《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉退屈しのぎ,気晴らし
《複数形》天然資源

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/06/02 22:27:14」(JST)

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For other uses, see resource (disambiguation).

A resource is a source or supply from which benefit is produced. Typically resources are materials, money, services, staff, or other assets that are transformed to produce benefit and in the process may be consumed or made unavailable. Benefits of resource utilization may include increased wealth, meeting needs or wants, proper functioning of a system, or enhanced well being. From a human perspective a natural resource is anything obtained from the environment to satisfy human needs and wants.^[1] From a broader biological or ecological perspective a resource satisfies the needs of a living organism (see biological resource).^[2]

The concept of resources has been applied in diverse realms, including with respect to economics, biology, computer science, land management, and human resources, and is linked to the concepts of competition, sustainability, conservation, and stewardship. In application within human society, commercial or non-commercial factors require resource allocation through resource management.

Resources have three main characteristics: utility, limited availability, and potential for depletion or consumption. Resources have been variously categorized as biotic versus abiotic, renewable versus non-renewable, and potential versus actual, along with more elaborate classifications.

Economic resources [edit]

In economics a resource is defined as a commodity, service, or other asset used to produce goods and services that meets human needs and wants.^[3] Economics itself has been defined as the study of how society manages its scarce resources.^[4] Classical economics recognizes three categories of resources: land, labor, and capital.^[5] Together with entrepreneurship, land, labor, and capital.^[6] Land includes all natural resources and is viewed as both the site of production and the source of raw materials. Labor or human resources consists of human effort provided in the creation of products, paid in wage. Capital consists of human-made goods or means of production (machinery, buildings, and other infrastructure) used in the production of other goods and services, paid in interest. Entrepreneurs serve as managers, risk-takers, leaders, and visionaries.

Biological resources [edit]

In biology and ecology a resource is defined as a substance or object required by a living organism for normal growth, maintenance, and reproduction (see biological resource). Resources, such as food, water, or nesting sites, can be consumed by an organism and, as a result, become unavailable to other organisms. For animals key resources include food, water, and territory. For plants key resources include sunshine, nutrients, water, and a place to grow.^[7]

Economic versus biological resources [edit]

There are three fundamental differences between economic versus ecological views: 1) the economic resource definition is human-centered (anthropocentric) and the ecological resource definition is nature-centered (biocentric or ecocentric); 2) the economic view includes desire along with necessity, whereas the biological view is about basic biological needs; and 3) economic systems are based on markets of currency exchanged for goods and services, whereas biological systems are based on natural processes of growth, maintenance, and reproduction.^[1]

Computer resources [edit]

Main article: Resource (computer science)

A computer resource is any physical or virtual component of limited availability within a computer or information management system. Computer resources include means for input, processing, output, communication, and storage.^[8]

Land or natural resources [edit]

Natural resources are derived from the environment. Many natural resources are essential for human survival, while others are used for satisfying human desire. Conservation is the management of natural resources with the goal of sustainability. Natural resources may be further classified in different ways.^[1]

Resources can be categorized on the basis of origin:

Abiotic resources comprise non-living things (e.g., land, water, air and minerals such as gold, iron, copper, silver).
Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere. Forests and their products, animals, birds and their products, fish and other marine organisms are important examples. Minerals such as coal and petroleum are sometimes included in this category because they were formed from fossilized organic matter, though over long periods of time.

Natural resources are also categorized based on the stage of development:

Potential Resources are known to exist and may be used in the future. For example, petroleum may exist in many parts of India and Kuwait that have sedimentary rocks, but until the time it is actually drilled out and put into use, it remains a potential resource.
Actual resources are those that have been surveyed, their quantity and quality determined, and are being used in present times. For example, petroleum and natural gas is actively being obtained from the Mumbai High Fields. The development of an actual resource, such as wood processing depends upon the technology available and the cost involved. That part of the actual resource that can be developed profitably with available technology is called a reserve resource, while that part that can not be developed profitably because of lack of technology is called a stock resource.

Natural resources can be categorized on the basis of renewability:

Non-renewable Resources are formed over very long geological periods. Minerals and fossils are included in this category. Since their rate of formation is extremely slow, they cannot be replenished once they are depleted. Out of these, the metallic minerals can be re-used by recycling them, but coal and petroleum cannot be recycled.
Renewable resources, such as forests and fisheries, can be replenished or reproduced relatively quickly. The highest rate at which a resource can be used sustainably is the sustainable yield. Some resources, like sunlight, air, and wind, are called perpetual resources because they are available continuously, though at a limited rate. Their quantity is not affected by human consumption. Many renewable resources can be depleted by human use, but may also be replenished, thus maintaining a flow. Some of these, like agricultural crops, take a short time for renewal; others, like water, take a comparatively longer time, while still others, like forests, take even longer.

Dependent upon the speed and quantity of consumption, overconsumption can lead to depletion or total and everlasting destruction of a resource. Important examples are agricultural areas, fish and other animals, forests, healthy water and soil, cultivated and natural landscapes. Such conditionally renewable resources are sometimes classified as a third kind of resource, or as a subtype of renewable resources. Conditionally renewable resources are presently subject to excess human consumption and the only sustainable long term use of such resources is within the so-called zero ecological footprint, wherein human use less than the Earth's ecological capacity to regenerate.

Natural resources are also categorized based on distribution:

Ubiquitous Resources are found everywhere (e.g., air, light, water).
Localized Resources are found only in certain parts of the world (e.g., copper and iron ore, geothermal power).

On the basis of ownership, resources can be classified as individual, community, national, and international.

Labour or human resources [edit]

Human beings, through the labor they provide and the organizations they staff, are also considered to be resources. The term Human resources can also be defined as the skills, energies, talents, abilities and knowledge that are used for the production of goods or the rendering of services.^[5]

In a project management context, human resources are those employees responsible for undertaking the activities defined in the project plan.^[9]

Capital or infrastructure [edit]

In economics, capital refers to already-produced durable goods used in production of goods or services. As resources, capital goods may or may not be significantly consumed, though they may depreciate in the production process and they are typically of limited capacity or unavailable for use by others.

Tangible versus intangible resources [edit]

Whereas, tangible resources such as equipment have actual physical existence, intangible resources such as corporate images, brands and patents, and other intellectual property exist in abstraction.^[10]

Generally the economic value of a resource is controlled by supply and demand. Some view this as a narrow perspective on resources because there are many intangibles that cannot be measured in money. Natural resources such as forests and mountains have aesthetic value. Resources also have an ethical value.

Resource use and sustainable development [edit]

Typically resources cannot be consumed in their original form, but rather through resource development they must be processed into more usable commodities. With increasing population, the demand for resources is increasing. There are marked differences in resource distribution and associated economic inequality between regions or countries, with developed countries using more natural resources than developing countries. Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use, that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment.^[1] . Resources should be carefully used for their sustainance.

Various problems relate to the usage of resources:

Environmental degradation
Over-consumption
Resource curse
Resource depletion
Tragedy of the commons

Various benefits can result from the wise usage of resources:

Economic growth
Ethical consumerism
Prosperity
Quality of life
Sustainability
Wealth

References [edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Miller, G.T., and S. Spoolman. 2011. Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections, and Solutions, 17th ed. Brooks-Cole, Belmont, CA. ISBN 0-538-73534-1.
^ Ricklefs, R.E. 2005. The Economy of Nature, 6th ed. WH Freeman, New York, NY. ISBN 0-7167-8697-4.
^ McConnell, C.R., S.L. Brue, and S.M. Flynn. 2011. Economics: principles, problems, and policies, 19th ed. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York, NY. ISBN 0-07-351144-7.
^ Mankiw, N.G. 2008. Principles of Economics, 5th ed. South-Western College Publishing, Boston, MA. ISBN 1-111-39911-5.
^ ^a ^b Samuelson, P.A. and W.D. Nordhaus. 2004 . Economics, 18th ed. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, Boston, MA. ISBN 0-07-287205-5.
^ Sullivan, A., S.M. Sheffrin, and S. Perez. 2009. Economics: Principles, Applications and Tools, 6th ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. ISBN 0-13-607644-0.
^ Ricklefs, R.E. 2005. The Economy of Nature, 6th edition. WH Freeman, New York, NY. ISBN 0-7167-8697-4.
^ Morley, D. 2010. Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 13th ed. Course Technology, Stamford, CT. ISBN 0-538-74810-9.
^ Name: * (2008-09-07). "Getting and Estimating Resource Requirements - People". Pmhut.com. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
^ Berry, John. 2004. Tangible Strategies for Intangible Assets. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0071412865.

Look up resource in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 資源の乏しい状況での多発性骨髄腫のマネージメント management of multiple myeloma in resource poor settings
2. 資源の限られた地域におけるHIV感染の罹患率および死亡率に対する抗レトロウイルス療法の効果 the impact of antiretroviral therapy on morbidity and mortality of hiv infection in resource limited settings
3. 開発途上国の小児における持続性下痢 persistent diarrhea in children in resource limited countries
4. 発展途上国における産科瘻孔 obstetric fistulas in resource limited settings
5. 資源の限られた国における成人の急性下痢に対するアプローチ approach to the adult with acute diarrhea in resource limited countries

English Journal

The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: A resource for understanding the outpatient dermatology treatment.

Ahn CS, Allen MM, Davis SA, Huang KE, Fleischer AB Jr, Feldman SR.Author information Department of Dermatology and.AbstractAbstract Background: The National Ambulatory Care Survey (NAMCS) collects information on outpatient medical care in the United States. Key characteristics of the NAMCS methodology are not well recognized. We describe the NAMCS survey design and patient visits to dermatologists and to present information on the validity of the NAMCS data by comparing key features of the dermatologist sample to other surveys of dermatologists. Methods: NAMCS data on dermatologists and skin-related visits from 1993 to 2010 were analyzed and compared to the Dermatology Physician Profile Survey (DPPS), a survey by the American Academy of Dermatology. Results: A total of 29 554 patient visits to dermatologists were sampled from 1993 to 2010. On average, 118 dermatologists were sampled annually to participate in the NAMCS, and response rates ranged from 47 to 77%. The NAMCS and the DPPS found similar dermatologist demographics, practice settings and reimbursement sources. Conclusion: Overall, the NAMCS achieves high-response rates and provides a generalizable sample that has been used in scores of studies of dermatology outpatient treatment. In a time of changing health care delivery systems, NAMCS is valuable for understanding how physicians care for patients with skin disease.
The Journal of dermatological treatment.J Dermatolog Treat.2014 Dec;25(6):453-8. doi: 10.3109/09546634.2014.858409. Epub 2013 Nov 21.
Abstract Background: The National Ambulatory Care Survey (NAMCS) collects information on outpatient medical care in the United States. Key characteristics of the NAMCS methodology are not well recognized. We describe the NAMCS survey design and patient visits to dermatologists and to present informa
PMID 24256113

Isolation of cyanidin 3-glucoside from blue honeysuckle fruits by high-speed counter-current chromatography.

Chen L1, Xin X2, Lan R1, Yuan Q3, Wang X1, Li Y1.Author information 1College of Bioengineering, Beijing Polytechnic, No.1 Shaoyaoju, Beijing 100029, China.2College of Bioengineering, Beijing Polytechnic, No.1 Shaoyaoju, Beijing 100029, China. Electronic address: Xiulanxin@163.com.3State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No.15 Beisanhuan East Road, Beijing 100029, China.AbstractBlue honeysuckle fruits are rich in anthocyanins with many beneficial effects such as reduction of the risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancers. High-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was used for the separation of anthocyanin on a preparative scale from blue honeysuckle fruit crude extract with a biphasic solvent system composed of tert-butyl methyl ether/n-butanol/acetonitrile/water/trifluoroacetic acid (2:2:1:5:0.01, v/v) for the first time in this paper. Each injection of 100mg crude extract yielded 22.8mg of cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) at 98.1% purity. The compound was identified by means of electro-spray ionisation mass (ESI/MS) and (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Jun 1;152:386-90. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.080. Epub 2013 Nov 22.
Blue honeysuckle fruits are rich in anthocyanins with many beneficial effects such as reduction of the risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancers. High-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was used for the separation of anthocyanin on a preparative scale from blue honeysuckle frui
PMID 24444952

In vitro evaluation method for screening of candidate prebiotic foods.

Date Y1, Nakanishi Y2, Fukuda S3, Nuijima Y2, Kato T4, Umehara M5, Ohno H3, Kikuchi J6.Author information 1RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.2Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.3Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.4RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.5RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.6RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, 1 Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-0810, Japan; Biomass Engineering Program, RIKEN Research Cluster for Innovation, 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan. Electronic address: jun.kikuchi@riken.jp.AbstractThe aim of this work was to develop a simple and rapid in vitro evaluation method for screening and discovery of uncharacterised and untapped prebiotic foods. Using a NMR-based metabolomic approach coupled with multivariate statistical analysis, the metabolic profiles generated by intestinal microbiota after in vitro incubation with feces were examined. The viscous substances of Japanese bunching onion (JBOVS) were identified as one of the candidate prebiotic foods by this in vitro screening method. The JBOVS were primarily composed of sugar components, especially fructose-based carbohydrates. Our results suggested that ingestion of JBOVS contributed to lactate and acetate production by the intestinal microbiota, and were accompanied by an increase in the Lactobacillus murinus and Bacteroidetes sp. populations in the intestine and fluctuation of the host-microbial co-metabolic process. Therefore, our approach should be useful as a rapid and simple screening tool for potential prebiotic foods.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Jun 1;152:251-60. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.126. Epub 2013 Dec 1.
The aim of this work was to develop a simple and rapid in vitro evaluation method for screening and discovery of uncharacterised and untapped prebiotic foods. Using a NMR-based metabolomic approach coupled with multivariate statistical analysis, the metabolic profiles generated by intestinal microbi
PMID 24444934

Phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacities of different parts of two sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) cultivars.

Feng S1, Luo Z2, Zhang Y1, Zhong Z1, Lu B1.Author information 1Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.2Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Agricultural Products Processing Technology Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: luozisheng@zju.edu.cn.AbstractAntioxidant capacities and phytochemicals such as phenolics, flavonoids, triterpenoids, phytosterols of four parts of two sugarcane cultivars have been characterised. The total triterpenoid content (TTC), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total sterol content (TSC) were different among parts and cultivars of sugarcane. The node of both cultivars contained the highest TTC (2096.02 and 1779.66mg ursolic acid/100g DW for green-rind and red-rind sugarcane, respectively). However, the highest TPC, TFC and TSC were found in the rind. Green-rind sugarcane cultivars contained higher TSC than the red-rind sugarcane cultivars in most parts, while opposite trend were found in TPC and TFC. Stigmasterol and β-sitosterol were found as two main phytosterols. Furthermore, TPC and TFC revealed good correlations with DPPH and FRAP. As cultivars and parts could affect phytochemical content, present result may provide a theoretical basis for further exploitation of the health beneficial resources of sugarcane.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 May 15;151:452-8. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.057. Epub 2013 Nov 18.
Antioxidant capacities and phytochemicals such as phenolics, flavonoids, triterpenoids, phytosterols of four parts of two sugarcane cultivars have been characterised. The total triterpenoid content (TTC), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total sterol content (TSC) were
PMID 24423556

Japanese Journal

Wave–current interaction effects on marine energy converters

Saruwatari Ayumi,Ingram David M.,Cradden Lucy
Ocean Engineering 73, 106-118, 2013-11-15
… In energetic areas, waves and tidal currents interact for modifying the energy resource and impacting on the design conditions. … When performing resource analysis and site selection work for marine energy projects, wave–current interaction must be considered. …
NAID 120005333614

音声による1次トリアージ入力を用いた災害用訓練システムの提案

萩野実咲,安藤禎晃,岡田謙一
情報処理学会研究報告. ITS, [高度交通システム] 2013-ITS-55(7), 1-8, 2013-11-07
大規模災害時に多数の傷病者が発生した場合,限られた医療資源を有効活用するため,傷病者の治療優先度をトリアージと呼ばれる手法を用いて決定している.現状では紙製のタグに書き込むために医療従事者の両手が塞がれ,必要な応急処置を並行して行うことができず,迅速なトリアージの妨げになっている.この問題点を解決するために音声を用いた入力手法に着目した.そして音声入力を実際の災害現場で最大限に活用するためには,日 …
NAID 110009624109

音声による1次トリアージ入力を用いた災害用訓練システムの提案

萩野実咲,安藤禎晃,岡田謙一
情報処理学会研究報告. MBL, [モバイルコンピューティングとユビキタス通信研究会研究報告] 2013-MBL-68(7), 1-8, 2013-11-07
大規模災害時に多数の傷病者が発生した場合,限られた医療資源を有効活用するため,傷病者の治療優先度をトリアージと呼ばれる手法を用いて決定している.現状では紙製のタグに書き込むために医療従事者の両手が塞がれ,必要な応急処置を並行して行うことができず,迅速なトリアージの妨げになっている.この問題点を解決するために音声を用いた入力手法に着目した.そして音声入力を実際の災害現場で最大限に活用するためには,日 …
NAID 110009624088

工科系大学における事業継続計画の策定に関する考察

吉田倬郎,村上正浩,宮村正光,久保智弘
工学院大学研究報告 (115), 79-84, 2013-10-30
Generally speaking, a university's missions are education, research, and contribution to society. This has characterizeda business continuity plan of the university. An engineering university has heav …
NAID 110009625280