Regulatory science refers broadly to the scientific and technical foundations upon which regulations are based in various industries – particularly those involving health or safety. Regulatory bodies employing such principles in the US include for example the FDA for food and medical products, the EPA for the environment, and OSHA for work safety. "Regulatory Science" is contrasted from regulatory affairs and regulatory law, which refer to the administrative or legal aspects of regulation, in that the former is focused on the regulations' scientific underpinnings and concerns – rather than the regulations' promulgation, implementation, compliance, or enforcement.
Contents
- 1 History
- 2 Definition
- 3 Application of regulatory science
- 4 Regulatory engineering
- 5 Areas of focus
- 5.1 Regulatory pharmaceutical medicine
- 5.2 Human health
- 5.3 Ecology
- 6 Regulatory economics
- 7 Science in legislation and in courts
- 8 Scientific foundation of regulatory science
- 8.1 Principles of the BAS/MESC
- 8.2 Pillars of MESC
- 9 References
History
Probably the first investigator who recognized the nature of regulatory science was Alvin Weinberg [1] who described the scientific process used to evaluate effects of ionizing radiation as trans science. The origin of the term regulatory science is unknown. It was probably coined sometimes in the late 1970s in an undated memorandum prepared by A. Alan Moghissi who was describing scientific issues that the newly formed US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was facing. During that period the EPA was forced to meet legally mandated deadlines to make decisions that would require reliance upon science that was not meeting conventional scientific requirements. At that time the prevailing view was that there was no need to establish a new scientific discipline because “science is science” regardless of how its application. In the spring of 1985 Moghissi established the Institute for Regulatory Science in the Commonwealth of Virginia as a non-profit organization with the objective to perform scientific studies “at the interface between science and the regulatory system” Moghissi et al.[2] have provided an extensive description of history of regulatory science including various perception of regulatory science leading to the acceptance of regulatory science by the FDA
Definition
Moghissi et al.[2] have described the history of regulatory science and provide two definitions. The first definition is the generalized definition provided by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) “Regulatory science is a scientific discipline consisting of the development and application of scientific methods, tools, approaches, and other relevant processes derived from various scientific disciplines used to support regulatory and other policy objectives”. An abbreviated definition consists of “regulatory science consists of the application of science to support policy notably regulatory objectives”
There have been several attempts to define regulatory science. In many cases there are claims that there is a difference between regulatory science and “normal science”, “academic science”, “research science”.[3] or compliance with regulations [4] The primary problem is the lack of appreciation that many branches of science are evolving and much of the evolving science includes inherent uncertainties.
Application of regulatory science
Regulatory science is included in every regulation that is includes science. The regulatory science community[2] consists of three groups of regulatory scientists:
- Those who are involved in development of regulations. Typically this group is employed by regulatory agencies
- Those who must comply with regulations. Typically this group consists of employees or contractors of regulated community.
- Those segments of the scientific community who perform research and development in areas relevant to the relevant regulated community.
The third group is of particular significance as they consist of organizations and individuals who support the first two groups. Included in this group are members of numerous advisory panels, organizations that provide peer reviews, and members of peer review panels. An example of this group is the National Academies consisting of the National Academy of Science, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council. The application of regulatory science occurs in three phases. During the first phase the regulators must meet a legislative or court- mandated deadline and promulgate regulations using their best judgment. The second phase provides opportunity to develop regulatory science tools. These include human health and ecological risk assessment procedures and post marketing evaluation method d processes for drugs ad medical devices. The third Standard Operating phase, used tools developed during the second phase to improve the initial decision. ( Moghissi et al)
Regulatory engineering
Engineering is the development of new products and processes, hence regulatory engineering encompasses principally the development of products and processes to facilitate or better examine regulations or their scientific foundations. Another related segment of regulatory science deal with the application of engineering design or analysis to operations such as the safety of nuclear and other power plants, chemical production facilities, mining operations, and air transportation.
Sometimes the term "regulatory engineer(ing)" is misused to refer to essentially administrative or regulatory roles dealing with organizing or coordinating regulatory matters for an organization; however, "engineering" refers only to functional design of products and processes, and in many jurisdictions this definition is legally enforced (see Regulation and licensure in engineering).
Areas of focus
Regulatory pharmaceutical medicine
Consistent with its mission, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) suggests that “Regulatory science is the science of developing new tools, standards and approaches to assess the safety, efficacy, quality and performance of FDA-regulated products.” Based on several decades of experience regulatory science is logically defined as a distinct scientific discipline constituting the scientific foundation of regulatory, legislative, and judicial decisions. Much like many scientific disciplines that have evolved within the last several decades, regulatory science is both interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary and relies upon a large number of basic and applied scientific disciplines.
Regulatory science is an emerging area of interest within pharmaceutical medicine as the shaping and implementation of legislation and guidelines. One definition of “regulatory science” is the science of developing new tools, standards and approaches to evaluate the efficacy, safety, quality and performance of medical products in order to assess benefit-risk and facilitate a sound and transparent regulatory decision-making. It has been recognized as having a significant impact on the industry’s ability to bring new medicines and medical devices to patients in need. Regulatory science challenges current concepts of benefit/risk assessment, submission and approval strategies, patient’s involvement and ethical aspects. It creates the platform for launching new ideas – not only by the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory authorities, but also by, for example, academia, who wants to contribute to better use of their research activities within medical aspects. Regulatory science [5] has the potential as an enabler for directing companies towards more efficient global development of medical products as well as more robust quality decision-making processes.
Human health
By far the predominant foci of Regulatory Science pertain to human health and well-being. This realm covers a broad range of scientific areas – including pollution and toxicology, work safety, food, drugs, and numerous others.
Ecology
Though secondary to human interest, regulations targeting animals and the environment can also be included. (For example, the US Clean Water Act is based upon an interest in protecting water quality for its own sake, in contrast with the Clean Air Act which is premised upon protecting air quality only for the sake of human health; however, these are ideological policy premises rather than scientific matters themselves.)
The US Department of Agriculture regulates animal care, and the FDA regulates humaneness for animal studies. Regulatory ecology covers protection of various species, protection of wetlands, and numerous other regulated areas including ecotoxicology.
Regulatory economics
There are numerous economic decisions in the regulatory process including the economics part of cost-benefit analysis.
Science in legislation and in courts
Although often less than fully recognized the scientific foundation of legislative decisions are included in regulatory science and should be based on reliable science. Similarly courts have recognized the need to rely upon information that meets scientific requirements.
Scientific foundation of regulatory science
Based on the unique needs of regulatory science Moghissi et al. developed the concept of Best Available Science (BAS) and Metrics for Evaluation of Scientific Claims” (MESC) derived from BAS.[6] The BAS/MESC system is rather complex, but its basic requirements are as follows:
Principles of the BAS/MESC
- Open-mindedness principle: This principle implies the willingness to accept new knowledge and careful evaluation of the claim. Historical evidence suggests numerous misdeeds by theocracies, individual scientists and others in rejecting scientifically valid ideas
- Principle of skepticism: This principle requires that those who make a scientific claim are obligated to provide sufficient evidence supporting their claim. The skepticism principle makes sure that the open-mindedness principle is not misused.
- Universal scientific principles: All scientific disciplines use certain methods, processes, and techniques in pursuit of their professional activities. The universal scientific principles (USP) imply that there are certain principles applicable to virtually all scientific disciplines and is valid regardless of the nature of the discipline.
- Transparency Principle: This principle requires that the public in general and the affected community in particular, be provided with the inclusion of assumptions, judgments, relevant data, areas outside the purview of science and other related items in regulatory science. Furthermore, the regulators and regulatory scientists must also describe how alternatives to the above items would modify the conclusions. If a scientific issue is complex, it is the responsibility of regulatory scientists to explain the subject to the public in a language that is understandable to its recipients.
- Reproducibility principle: Reproducibility is the true proof of the validity of a scientific claim and separates undisputed areas of science form those that include assumptions, interpretations, and in some cases, the inclusion of ideological and societal objectives in a scientific assertion. The BAS/MESC system is rather complex and its details are described under Best Available Science.
Pillars of MESC
- Standardization of Science: This pillar provides several classes of science based on their level of maturity consisting of
- Proven Science (scientific laws and their application)
- Evolving Science (Reproducible, Partially Reproducible, and Hypothesized)
- Borderline Science (Judgment and Speculation)
- Fallacious Information sometimes called Junk science or politically processed science.
- Reliability of Science: This pillar consists of personal opinion, gray literature, peer-reviewed and consensus-processed science
- Areas outside the Purview of Science: Regulatory science may not include ideology, societal objectives, political desires, and related issues. Violation of this pillar is one of the primary causes of contention in regulatory and other policy decisions
References
- ^ Weinberg, AM (1970). "Science and trans science". Minerva 10: 209–222.
- ^ a b c Moghissi, AA; Straja, Sorin R.; Love, Betty R.; Bride, Dennis K.; Stough, Roger R. (2014). "Innovation in Regulatory Science: Evolution of a new scientific discipline". Technology and Innovation 16 (2): 155–165. doi:10.3727/194982414X14096821477027.
- ^ Jasanoff, S (1990). The fifth branch: science advisors as policy makers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- ^ Gad, SC (2001). Regulatory Toxicology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis.
- ^ FDA (Food and Drug Administration). "The Promise of regulatory science".
- ^ Moghissi AA, Swentnam M, Love BR, Straja SR. (2010) Best Available Science; its evolution, taxonomy, and application, second edition. Arlington, VA: Potomac Institute Press
