参照対象、指示対象

WordNet

having reference; "judgments referent to the indictment"
something referred to; the object of a reference
something that refers; a term that refers to another term
the first term in a proposition; the term to which other terms relate
related by sharing a symbolic link to a concrete object or an abstraction; "two expressions are coreferent if they denote the same object or individual"
in a preferential manner; "he was treated preferentially"
referring or pointing to something; "symbols are inherently referential"
relating to coreference (同)co-referent

PrepTutorEJDIC

指示するもの(語や記号など);指示物

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/30 23:44:39」(JST)

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A referent /ˈrɛfərənt/ is a person or thing to which a linguistic expression or other symbol refers. For example, in the sentence Mary saw me, the referent of the word Mary is the particular person called Mary who is being spoken of, while the referent of the word me is the person uttering the sentence.

Two expressions which have the same referent are said to be co-referential. In the sentence John had his dog with him, for instance, the noun John and the pronoun him are co-referential, since they both refer to the same person (John).

Etymology and meanings

The word may be considered to derive from the Latin referentem, the present participle (in accusative form) of the verb referre ("carry back", see also etymology of refer(ence)); or simply from the addition of the suffix -ent to the verb refer on the model of other English words having that suffix. It is defined in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary as "one that refers or is referred to; especially: the thing that a symbol (as a word or sign) stands for."^[1]

The earliest meaning of referent recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary is "one who is referred to or consulted", dating from 1844. A subsequent meaning is "a word referring to another"; the OED gives only one citation for this use, dating from 1899 (which speaks of "referent words or referents" that express a relation). The next meaning, which appears to stand in opposition to the previous meaning, as well as to the meaning implied by the etymology, is nonetheless the one which has gained currency: "that to which something [particularly a word or expression] has reference". This sense is first recorded in Ogden and Richards' The Meaning of Meaning (1923; see further below); the OED also lists numerous subsequent examples of that usage.

In logic, the word referent is sometimes used to denote one of the two objects participating in a relation, the other being called the relatum.^[2]

In semantics

The triangle of reference, from Ogden and Richards' The Meaning of Meaning.

In fields such as semantics and semiotics, a distinction is made between a referent and a reference. Reference is a relationship in which a symbol or sign (a word, for example) signifies something; the referent is the thing signified. The referent may be an actual person or object, or may be something more abstract, such as a set of actions.^[3]^[4]

Reference and referents were considered at length in the 1923 book The Meaning of Meaning by the Cambridge scholars C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards. Ogden has pointed out that reference is a psychological process, and that referents themselves may be psychological – existing in the imagination of the referrer, and not necessarily in the real world.^[5] For further ideas related to this observation, see absent referent and failure to refer.

In syntax

Considerations of the possible arrangement of expressions which may be co-referential – having the same referent – have been undertaken by linguists engaged in the study of syntax, particularly since Noam Chomsky's launch of Government and Binding Theory (GBT) in the 1980s. The subject of binding is largely concerned with the possible syntactic positions of co-referential noun phrases and pronouns. Attempts are made to explain phenomena such as that illustrated by the following pair of sentences:

Before she dried off, Mary was wet.
She dried off because Mary was wet.

In the first sentence, she and Mary may have the same referent (she may refer to Mary), but in the second they normally cannot. More details of these considerations can be found in the articles on GBT and binding linked to above.

In computing

Considerations of references and their referents are sometimes of importance in computing and programming.^[6] References play a role in the Perl programming language, for example, and the ref function is used to obtain the type of the referent of an object.^[7]

References

^ "Referent – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
^ Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition (1989), entry for referent.
^ Hildegard E. Peplau, Interpersonal Relations in Nursing: A Conceptual Frame ... (2004), p. 289: "Each concept or word has both a referent and a reference. The word is the symbol; the reference is its meaning held in the mind of its user; and the referent is the actions or ob}ect the symbol signified."
^ David M. Miller, The net of Hephaestus: A study of modern criticism (1971): "... then, the general quality of 'dogness' suggested by the recurrence of similar sense perceptions is abstracted and stored in the memory. We now have a Referent and a Reference. Next, a symbol is constructed: visual and linguistic."
^ Correspondence from C. K. Ogden to Whately Carington, quoted in C. K. Ogden and Linguistics, Psychology Press, 1994, vol. 1, p. xxiii: "A 'reference' and a 'referent' are parts of a sign or symbol situation [...] 'Visualizing', as such, is not relevant. References are always 'psychological' in a sign or symbol situation; referents may be psychological, i.e., in the order of the referrer's imaginings; ..."
^ Ėduard Viktorovich Popov Talking with computers in natural language - 1986 - 305 pages - The problem of correspondence between a referent and a reference can also be expressed using descriptions. This can be done as follows: When entities are encountered in a text, an understanding system (either human being or computer) ...
^ ref, perldoc.perl.org

External links

The dictionary definition of referent at Wiktionary

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Do different types of social identity moderate the association between perceived descriptive norms and drinking among college students?

Rinker DV1, Neighbors C2.
Addictive behaviors.Addict Behav.2014 Sep;39(9):1297-303. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.03.018. Epub 2014 Mar 20.
Perceived descriptive norms are one of the strongest predictors of college drinking. Social Identity Theory posits that much of our identity is based on groups with which we affiliate. Prior research suggests that there is an association between perceived descriptive norms and drinking among those w
PMID 24836160

Difference by sex but not by race/ethnicity in the visceral adipose tissue-depressive symptoms association: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Remigio-Baker RA1, Allison MA2, Schreiner PJ3, Szklo M4, Crum RM5, Leoutsakos JM5, Franco M4, Carnethon MR6, Nettleton JA7, Mujahid MS8, Diez Roux AV9, Jensky N2, Golden SH10.
Psychoneuroendocrinology.Psychoneuroendocrinology.2014 Sep;47:78-87. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.05.004. Epub 2014 May 13.
BACKGROUND: Prior studies have investigated the association of clinical depression and depressive symptoms with body weight (i.e. body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference), but few have examined the association between depressive symptoms and intra-abdominal fat. Of these a limited number asses
PMID 25001957

Acquisition of aberrant DNA methylation is associated with frailty in the very old: findings from the Newcastle 85+ Study.

Collerton J1, Gautrey HE, van Otterdijk SD, Davies K, Martin-Ruiz C, von Zglinicki T, Kirkwood TB, Jagger C, Mathers JC, Strathdee G.
Biogerontology.Biogerontology.2014 Aug;15(4):317-28. doi: 10.1007/s10522-014-9500-9. Epub 2014 Apr 26.
Frailty is a major health problem in older people and, as the population ages, identification of its underlying biological mechanisms will be increasingly important. DNA methylation patterns within genomic DNA change during ageing and alterations in DNA methylation, particularly at gene promoter reg
PMID 24770842

Breast cancer screening halves the risk of breast cancer death: A case-referent study.

Paap E1, Verbeek AL2, Botterweck AA3, van Doorne-Nagtegaal HJ3, Imhof-Tas M4, de Koning HJ5, Otto SJ5, de Munck L3, van der Steen A6, Holland R7, den Heeten GJ8, Broeders MJ9.
Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland).Breast.2014 Aug;23(4):439-44. doi: 10.1016/j.breast.2014.03.002. Epub 2014 Apr 6.
Large-scale epidemiologic studies have consistently demonstrated the effectiveness of mammographic screening programs, however the benefits are still subject to debate. We estimated the effect of the Dutch screening program on breast cancer mortality. In a large multi-region case-referent study, we
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Japanese Journal

成人における経済的要因と食に関する認知的要因，食行動，および食のQOLとの関連

林芙美,武見ゆかり,村山伸子
栄養学雑誌 73(2), 51-61, 2015
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NAID 130005086944

Graph-Theoretical Modelling of Stability Constants of Copper(Ⅱ) Complexes with Tripeptides Containing Glycine, Glutamic acid, and Histidine

Milicevic Ante,Raos Nenad
Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 88(3), 490-495, 2015
… = 0.47, 0.38, and 0.55, depending on whether CuL, CuH−1L, or CuH−2L complexes were taken as referent. …
NAID 130004801844

日本語関係節の再検討 : ベンガル語を参照しながら

フォキルレザウル・カリム
国立国語研究所論集 8, 15-31, 2014-11
本研究の目的は,四つのパラメータ,即ちi)関係節における名詞化の作用,ii)主節と関係節の連携性,iii)参照的一貫性,iv)名詞句の接近可能性階層,に沿って,関係節における日本語対ベンガル語の対照分析を行い,日本語の関係節に見られる言語固有の特性を明らかにすることである。関係節における日本語固有の特性は,名詞句形成に必要な二つの条件:i)過程的条件として行われる名詞化の処理基準と,ii)実質的条 …
NAID 110009846044

東部ポリネシア諸言語における「方向詞」記述の比較と考察 : ハワイ語方向詞（空間用法）記述の観点から

岩崎加奈絵
東京大学言語学論集 35, 125-139, 2014-09-30
… Current grammatical descriptions, however, have not sufficiently explained its features, such as: when and how it can be used, who or what can be the referent point to encode directions, and how such points can be shifted as stories or conversations proceed. …
NAID 120005525791