reenact

　 　

WordNet

1. enact or perform again; "They reenacted the battle of Princeton"
2. enact again; "Congress reenacted the law"
3. performing a role in an event that occurred at an earlier time; "the reenactment of the battle of Princeton"
4. a person who enacts a role in an event that occurred earlier

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/10/24 23:41:54」(JST)

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"Reenactment" redirects here. For the 1968 Romanian film, see The Reenactment.

Soldiers firing guns in the Battle of Waterloo reenactment, in front of the wood of Hougoumont, 2011

Compagnies Franches de la Marine in Quebec (2006).

The joust between the Lord of the Tournament and the Knight of the Red Rose, a lithograph commemorating the Eglinton Tournament of 1839

Historical reenactment is a scripted educational or entertainment activity in which participants follow a prearranged plan to recreate aspects of a historical event or period—often a military engagement or display. This may be as narrow as a specific moment from a battle, such as the reenactment of Pickett's Charge presented during the Great Reunion of 1913, or as broad as an entire period, such as Regency reenactment or The 1920s Berlin Project.

Historical reenactment through the ages

Activities related to "reenactment" have a long history. The Romans staged recreations of famous battles within their amphitheaters as a form of public spectacle. In the Middle Ages, tournaments often reenacted historical themes from Ancient Rome or elsewhere. In the nineteenth century, reenactments were popular in a number of countries, e.g. the Eglinton Tournament of 1839 in Britain. During the early twentieth century they were popular in Russia with re-enactments of the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855) (1906), the Battle of Borodino (1812) in St Petersburg and the Taking of Azov (1696) in Voronezh in 1918. In 1920, there was a reenactment of the 1917 Storming of the Winter Palace on the third anniversary of the event. This reenactment inspired the scenes in Sergei Eisenstein's film October: Ten Days That Shook the World.

Likewise, mass pageants were used to commemorate civic events like the 150th anniversary of the founding of St Louis, held in 1914. Particularly during and since the centennial of the American Civil War in the United States beginning in 1961, reenactments of Civil War battles has attracted many reenactors, who are some of the most dedicated.

Living history

Main article: Living history

The term living history describes the performance of bringing history to life for the general public in a manner that in most cases is not following a planned script. Historical presentation includes a continuum from well researched attempts to recreate a known historical event for educational purposes, through representations with theatrical elements, to competitive events for purposes of entertainment. The line between amateur and professional presentations at living history museums can be blurred. While the latter routinely use museum professionals and trained interpreters to help convey the story of history to the public, some museums and historic sites employ living history groups with high standards of authenticity for the same role at special events.

Reenactors and Living History presenters

Most participants are amateurs who pursue history as a hobby. Participants within this hobby are extremely diverse. The ages of participants range from young children whose parents bring them along to events, to the elderly. Among adult participants, people from all different walks of life can be found: college students, firefighters, lawyers, members of the armed forces, doctors, and even professional historians.

Reenactment groups

Main article: List of historical reenactment groups

An actor playing John Smith simulates claiming a beach for England in the New World in a historical reenactment

Mainstream Federal reenactors

A tintype showing "hardcore" American Civil War reenactors.

Reenactment covers a wide time span. This is a reenactment of the Roman legion XV Apollinaris, taking place in Austria.

• Timeline: Reenacting Groups
• English Civil War Groups
• French and Indian War Groups
• American Revolution Groups
• Napoleonic War Groups
• 1812 War Groups
• American Civil War Groups
• World Wars I and II Groups

Reasons for participating

Reasons given for participating vary. Some participants are interested in getting a historical perspective on a particular period or war, particularly if they can trace their ancestry back to an individual or individuals who were involved.^{[citation needed]} Others participate for the escapism that such events offer.^{[citation needed]}

Categories of reenactors

Reenactors are commonly divided (or self-divide) into several broadly defined categories, based on the level of concern for authenticity. (It should be noted that these definitions and categorisation is primarily that of the USA. Other countries have different terms of art, slang and definitions)

Farbs

Main article: Farb (reenactment)

Some, called "Farbs" or "polyester soldiers", are reenactors who spend relatively little of their time or money maintaining authenticity with regard to uniforms, accessories, or even period behavior. Anachronistic clothing, fabrics, fasteners (such as velcro), snoods, footwear, vehicles, and modern cigarettes are common issues. þ The origin of the word "farb" (and the derivative adjective "farby") is unknown, though it appears to date to early American Civil War centennial reenactments in 1960 or 1961. Some think that the word derives from a truncated version of "Far be it from authentic". An alternative definition is "Far Be it for me to question/criticise", or "Fast And Researchless Buying". Some early reenactors assert the word derives from German Farbe, color, because inauthentic reenactors were over-colorful compared with the dull blues, greys or browns of the real Civil War uniforms that were the principal concern of American reenactors at the time the word was coined. According to Burton K. Kummerow, a member of "The Black Hats, CSA" reenactment group in the early 1960s, he first heard it used as a form of fake German to describe a fellow reenactor. The term was picked up by George Gorman of the 2nd North Carolina at the Centennial Manassas Reenactment in 1961, and has been used by reenactors since.

Mainstream

Mainstream reenactors make an effort to appear authentic, but may come out of character in the absence of an audience. Visible stitches are likely to be sewn in a period-correct manner, but hidden stitches and undergarments may not be period-appropriate. Food consumed before an audience is likely to be generally appropriate to the period, but it may not be seasonally and locally appropriate. Modern items are sometimes used "after hours" or in a hidden fashion. The common attitude is to put on a good show, but that accuracy need only go as far as others can see.^{[citation needed]}

Progressive

At the other extreme from farbs are "hard-core authentics", or "progressives," as they sometimes prefer to be called. Sometimes derisively called "stitch counters", hardcore reenactors are sometimes misunderstood by observers.

Hard-core reenactors generally value thorough research, and sometimes deride mainstream reenactors for perpetuating inaccurate "reenactorisms". They generally seek an "immersive" reenacting experience, trying to live, as much as possible, as someone of the period might have done. This includes eating seasonally and regionally appropriate food, sewing inside seams and undergarments in a period-appropriate manner, and staying in character throughout an event. The desire for an immersive experience often leads hard-core reenactors to smaller events, or to setting up separate camps at larger events.

Period

The period of an event is the range of dates. See authenticity (reenactment) for a discussion of how the period affects the types of costume, weapons, and armour used.

Popular periods to reenact include:

• Classical reenactment
• Medieval reenactment
• Renaissance reenactment (including English Civil War reenactment)
• Modern reenactment
  • Regency reenactment^{[citation needed]}
  • The Fur Trade is reenacted at events called as "Rendezvous".^{[citation needed]}
  • American Civil War reenactment
  • World War I reenactment
  • World War II reenactment^{[citation needed]}
  • Korean War reenactment^{[citation needed]}

Reenactor displaying buckskins

The Company of St. George recreating a small medieval military camp in France, 2006.

Clothing and equipment

Numerous cottage industries abound that provide not only the materials but even the finished product for use by reenactors. Uniforms and clothing made of hand woven, natural dyed materials are sewn by hand or machine using the sartorial techniques of the period portrayed.

Detailed attention to authenticity in design and construction is given equally as well to headgear, footwear, eyewear, camp gear, accoutrements, military equipment, weapons and so on. These items (which are generally much more expensive than clothing and uniform in modern production) offer the wearer a lifelike experience in the use of materials, tailoring and manufacturing techniques that are as close to authentic as possible.

Event spectators may derive more satisfaction from attending reenactments when a high level of authenticity is attained in both individual clothing and equipment, as well as equipment used in camp.

Types of reenactment

See also: list of historical reenactment events

Living history

Main article: Living history

Living histories are usually meant for education of the public. Such events do not necessarily have a mock battle but instead are aimed at portraying the life, and more importantly the lifestyle, of people of the period. This often includes both military and civilian impressions. Occasionally, storytelling or acting sketches take place to involve or explain the everyday life or military activity to the viewing public. More common are craft and cooking demonstrations, song and leisure activities, and lectures. Combat training or duels can also be encountered even when larger combat demonstrations are not present.

In the United States, living history is the only reenactment permitted on National Park Service land; NPS policy "does not allow for battle reenactments (simulated combat with opposing lines and casualties) on NPS property."

Combat demonstration

Combat demonstrations are mock battles put on by reenacting organizations and/or private parties primarily to show the public what combat in the period might have been like. Combat demonstrations are only loosely based on actual battles, if at all, and may simply consist of demonstrations of basic tactics and maneuvering techniques.

Battle of Maidstone Re-enactment, Kent (2011)

Tourists can purchase replica goods at a store in Colonial Williamsburg

Battle reenactment

Scripted battles are reenactment in the strictest sense; the battles are planned out beforehand so that the companies and regiments make the same actions that were taken in the original battles.

They are often fought at or near the original battle ground or at a place very similar to the original. These demonstrations vary widely in size from a few hundred fighters to several thousand, as do the arenas used (getting the right balance can often make or break the spectacle for the public).

Tactical combat

Main article: Tactical event

Tactical battles are generally not open to the public. Tactical battles are fought like real battles with both sides coming up with strategies and tactics to beat their opponents. With no script, a basic set of agreed-upon rules (physical boundaries, time limit, victory conditions, etc.), and on-site judges, tactical battles can be considered a form of Live action role-playing game, but, in the cases where firearms are used, with real weapons firing blank ammunition (depending on gun control ordinances).

The development of "historical airsoft" tournaments is an offshoot of the military reenactment tactical.

Commercial reenactment

See also: list of tourist attractions providing reenactment

Many castles, museums, and other historical tourist attractions employ actors or professional reenactors as part of the experience. These usually address the recreation of a specific town, village, or activity within a certain time frame. Commercial reenactment shows are usually choreographed and follow a script.

Some locations have set up permanent authentic displays. By their nature, these are usually living history presentations, rather than tactical or battle reenactment, although some host larger temporary events.

Publications

Many publications have covered historical reenactment and living history. Prominent among these are the Camp Chase Gazette, Smoke and Fire News, two different magazines named Living History, and Skirmish Magazine.

 

Autumnal military exercise 1912 / Reenactment Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum, Konz

The Medieval Soldier by Gerry Embleton and John Howe (1995) is a popular book on the topic, which has been translated into French and German. It was followed by Medieval Military Costume in Colour Photographs.

For the Napoleonic Period, two books of interest cover life in the military at that time and living history: The Napoleonic Soldier by Stephen E. Maughan, 1999 and Marching with Sharpe by B.J. Bluth, 2001. Various Napoleonic reenactment groups cover the history of their associated regiments as well as try to describe and illustrate how they approach recreating the period. The goal to be as authentic as is possible has led many serious reenactment societies to set up their own research groups to verify their knowledge of the uniforms, drill and all aspects of the life that they strive to portray. In this way reenactment plays a vital role in bringing history to life, keeping history alive, and in expanding the knowledge and understanding of the period.

In the UK a number of small publishing houses have been established that particularly publish books about the English Civil War and more recently, of earlier periods as well. The largest are Stuart Press [around 250 volumes in print] and Partizan Press.

Little has been published about re-enactment in the mainstream market, except for press articles. One exception is the book "I believe in Yesterday: My adventures in Living History" by Tim Moore, which recounts his experiences trying out different periods of re-enactment and the people he meets and things he learns whilst doing so.

Media support

Motion picture and television producers often turn to reenactment groups for support; films like Gettysburg, Glory, The Patriot,^{[citation needed]} and Alatriste^{[citation needed]} benefited greatly from the input of reenactors, who arrived on set fully equipped and steeped in knowledge of military procedures, camp life, and tactics.

In a documentary about the making of the film Gettysburg, actor Sam Elliott, who portrayed Union General John Buford in the film, said of reenactors:

I think we're really fortunate to have those people involved. In fact, they couldn't be making this picture without them; there's no question about that. These guys come with their wardrobe, they come with their weaponry. They come with all the accoutrements, but they also come with the stuff in their head and the stuff in their heart.

Criticism

Wehrmacht reenactors recreate the battle of Molotov Line in Sanok-Olchowce.

Critics question the motivation of reenactors; some suggest concerns about the level of immersion found in some areas, notably those involving 20th century conflicts where combatants had stricter regulations regarding personal grooming. The average age of reenactors is generally far higher than the average age of soldiers in most conflicts. Few reenactment units discriminate based on age and physical condition. Some critics have complained about the exclusion of women from American Civil War combat reenactment units. While a small handful of women may have fought in the conflict, almost all did so disguised as men. Attitudes on this topic seem to vary widely.

Thompson's book discusses the "fantasy farb", or tendency of reenactors to gravitate towards "elite" units such as commandos, paratroopers, or Waffen-SS units. This results in under-representation in the reenactment community of what were the most common types of military troops in the period being reenacted. The question has arisen among North American reenactors, but similar issues exist in Europe. For example, in Britain, a high proportion of Napoleonic War reenactors perform as members of the 95th Rifles (perhaps due to the popularity of the fictional character of Richard Sharpe) and medieval groups have an over-proportion of plate,-armoured soldiers. The UK has multi-period events such as History in Action, where groups can see each other's appearance and performances, as well as perform for the general public. Weapons can be a concern in countries where weapons of most forms are legally banned or socially frowned on (such as in the UK). Reenactors' interactions with the public, and educational work of volunteer groups like NARES, help mitigate such issues.

A final concern is that reenactors may be of accused of being, or actually be, aligned with the political beliefs that some of the reenacted armies fought for, such as Nazism. For example, U.S. politician Rich Iott's participation in a World War II reenactment in which he was in the group that portrayed the Nazi 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking side excited media criticism during his 2010 Congressional campaign.

See also

• Live action role-playing game
• Living history

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Hadden, Robert Lee. "Reliving the Civil War: A reenactor's handbook". Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1999.
• Heiser, John (1998-09). "The Great Reunion of 1913". National Park Service. Retrieved 15 August 2008. 
• John Skow, et al., "Bang, Bang! You're History, Buddy," Time (August 11, 1986): 58.
• Stanton, Cathy (1999-11-01). "Reenactors in the Parks: A Study of External Revolutionary War Reenactment Activity at National Parks" (PDF) National Park Service. Retrieved on 2008-07-28.
• Strauss, Mitchell (2001). "A Framework for Assessing Military Dress Authenticity in Civil War Reenacting". Clothing and Textiles Research Journal (International Textile & Apparel Association, Inc.) 19 (4): 145–157. doi:10.1177/0887302X0101900401. Retrieved 31 December 2008. 

External links

• The Historical Reenactment Web Site, Information relating to reenactment globally and the home of The Historical Reenactment Wiki
• UK-based historical event organisers, their web site featuring "A Brief History of Re-enactment", primarily but not exclusively from a UK and European perspective.
• Reenactor.Net, The Worldwide Online Home of Reenacting

English Journal

• Rituals of creativity: tradition, modernity, and the "acoustic unconscious" in a U.S. collegiate jazz music program.

• Wilf E.SourceThe Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
• American anthropologist.Am Anthropol.2012;114(1):32-44.
• In this article, I seek to complicate the distinction between imitation and creativity, which has played a dominant role in the modern imaginary and anthropological theory. I focus on a U.S. collegiate jazz music program, in which jazz educators use advanced sound technologies to reestablish immersi
• PMID 22662352

• The psychoanalytic process in the treatment of Little Hans.

• Bierman JS.SourceBaltimore-Washington Institute for Psychoanalysis, USA.
• The Psychoanalytic study of the child.Psychoanal Study Child.2007;62:92-110.
• This paper studies the psychoanalytic process in the treatment of Little Hans, using Samuel Abrams's 1988 paper in which he defines the psychoanalytic process as the sequence of steps which appears within the mind of the patient as the treatment proceeds. As with the adult, the child can affectively
• PMID 18524088

Japanese Journal

• 映像情報の提示方法の違いが運動経過の把握に与える影響 : 器械運動の技を観察対象として

• 野田 智洋,朝岡 正雄,長谷川 聖修,加藤 澤男
• 体育學研究 54(1), 15-28, 2009-06-10
• 本論の目的は,器械運動の技を連続写真と動画映像という2つの異なる方法で提示した場合に,学習者は客観的な運動経過をどの程度把握することができるのかを明らかにすることである.そのため,小3と中1の体操競技経験のない一般児童・生徒124名を被験者として,鉄棒運動の技を2種類の提示方法を用いて観察させ,記憶した技の運動経過を紙人形の操作によって再現させる実験を行った.その際,提示方法の違いや被験者の年齢, …
• NAID 110007330928

• 原初王権の歴史としての「妖精の系譜」 : 『妖精の女王』第2巻第10篇の「妖精国のいにしえ」の寓意(上)

• 小紫 重徳
• 国際文化学研究 : 神戸大学国際文化学部紀要 30, 59-100, 2008-07
• … Since it is evident that Spenser intends it to bear witness to the glory of the British monarchy, especially of the Tudors, the Elfin genealogy must allegorically reenact a series of the most glorious scenes of world-wide fame in human history. …
• NAID 110006979194

• 再現試験による水稲の潮風害被害解析

• 嶺川 陽平,小田 九二夫,森 静香,小杉 幸夫
• 日本リモートセンシング学会誌 27(3), 205-215, 2007
• … In order to provide the damaged rice paddies by salt breeze as observation targets artificially, experiments to reenact salt-breezed damage are conducted by exposing plant pots to salt solution blow under the controlled condition. …
• NAID 130002145313

Related Links

• Historical reenactment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Historical reenactment is a scripted educational activity in which participants follow a prearranged plan to recreate some aspects of a historical event or period . This may be as narrow as a specific moment from a battle, such as the reenactment ...

• reenactの意味 - 英和辞書 - goo辞書

reenactとは。意味や和訳。[動](他)1 …を再演する.2 …を再制定する. - goo辞書は国語 、英和、和英、中国語、百科事典等からまとめて探せる辞書検索サービスです。

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