WordNet

of or relating to recreation; "a recreational area with a pool and ball fields"
a motorized wheeled vehicle used for camping or other recreational activities (同)RV, R.V.
a room equipped for informal entertaining (同)rec room

PrepTutorEJDIC

作り直し;〈C〉作り直したもの
『レクリエーション』,気晴らし,娯楽
レクリエーションの,気晴らしの,娯楽の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/06 14:34:53」(JST)

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Surfing, a form of recreation

Different kinds of recreation

Writing Wikipedia articles as recreation

Recreation is an activity of leisure, leisure being discretionary time.^[1] The "need to do something for recreation" is an essential element of human biology and psychology.^[2] Recreational activities are often done for enjoyment, amusement, or pleasure and are considered to be "fun".

Etymology

The term recreation appears to have been used in English first in the late 14th century, first in the sense of "refreshment or curing of a sick person",^[3] and derived turn from Latin (re: "again", creare: "to create, bring forth, beget.).

Prerequisites to leisure

Humans spend their time in activities of daily living, work, sleep, social duties, and leisure, the latter time being free from prior commitments to physiologic or social needs,^[4] a prerequisite of recreation. Leisure has increased with increased longevity and, for many, with decreased hours spent for physical and economic survival, yet others argue that time pressure has increased for modern people, as they are committed to too many tasks.^[5] Other factors that account for an increased role of recreation are affluence, population trends, and increased commercialization of recreational offerings.^[6] While one perception is that leisure is just "spare time", time not consumed by the necessities of living, another holds that leisure is a force that allows individuals to consider and reflect on the values and realities that are missed in the activities of daily life, thus being an essential element of personal development and civilization.^[1] This direction of thought has even been extended to the view that leisure is the purpose of work, and a reward in itself,^[1] and "leisure life" reflects the values and character of a nation.^[6] Leisure is considered a human right under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.^[7]

Play, recreation and work

Recreation is difficult to separate from the general concept of play, which is usually the term for children's recreational activity. Children may playfully imitate activities that reflect the realities of adult life. It has been proposed that play or recreational activities are outlets of or expression of excess energy, channeling it into socially acceptable activities that fulfill individual as well as societal needs, without need for compulsion, and providing satisfaction and pleasure for the participant.^[8] A traditional view holds that work is supported by recreation, recreation being useful to "recharge the battery" so that work performance is improved. Work, an activity generally performed out of economic necessity and useful for society and organized within the economic framework, however can also be pleasurable and may be self-imposed thus blurring the distinction to recreation. Many activities may be work for one person and recreation for another, or, at an individual level, over time recreational activity may become work, and vice versa. Thus, for a musician, playing an instrument may be at one time a profession, and at another a recreation. Similarly, it maybe difficult to separate education from recreation as in the case of recreational mathematics.^[9]

Recreational activities

Recreation is an essential part of human life and finds many different forms which are shaped naturally by individual interests but also by the surrounding social construction.^[2] Recreational activities can be communal or solitary, active or passive, outdoors or indoors, healthy or harmful, and useful for society or detrimental. A list of typical activities could be almost endless including most human activities, a few examples being reading, playing or listening to music, watching movies or TV, gardening, hunting, hobbies, sports, studies, and travel. Some recreational activities - such as gambling, recreational drug use, or delinquent activities - may violate societal norms and laws.

Public space such as parks and beaches are essential venues for many recreational activities. Tourism has recognized that many visitors are specifically attracted by recreational offerings.^[10] In support of recreational activities government has taken an important role in their creation, maintenance, and organization, and whole industries have developed merchandise or services. Recreation-related business is an important factor in the economy; it has been estimated that the outdoor recreation sector alone contributes $730 billion annually to the U.S. economy and generates 6.5 million jobs.^[11]

Organized recreation

University of Auckland Recreation Centre

Many recreational activities are organized, typically by public institutions, voluntary group-work agencies, private groups supported by membership fees, and commercial enterprises.^[12] Examples of each of these are the National Park Service, the YMCA, the Kiwanis, and Disney World.

Health and recreation

Recreation has many health benefits, and, accordingly, Therapeutic Recreation has been developed to take advantage of this effect. The National Council for Therapeutic Recreation Certification (NCTRC) is the nationally recognized credentialing organization for the profession of Therapeutic Recreation. Professionals in the field of Therapeutic Recreation who are certified by the NCTRC are called "Certified Therapeutic Recreation Specialists". The job title "Recreation Therapist" is identified in the U.S. Dept of Labor's Occupation Outlook. Such therapy is applied in rehabilitation, psychiatric facilities for youth and adults, and in the care of the elderly, the disabled, or people with chronic diseases. Recreational physical activity is important to reduce obesity, and the risk of osteoporosis^[13] and of cancer, most significantly in men that of colon and prostate,^[14] and in women that of the breast;^[15] however, not all malignancies are reduced as outdoor recreation has been linked to a higher risk of melanoma.^[14] Extreme adventure recreation naturally carries its own hazards.

Recreation as a career

A recreation specialist would be expected to meet the recreational needs of a community or assigned interest group. Educational institutions offer courses that lead to a degree as a Bachelor of Arts in recreation management. People with such degrees often work in parks and recreation centers in towns, on community projects and activities. Networking with instructors, budgeting, and evaluation of continuing programs are common job duties.

In the United States, most states have a professional organization for continuing education and certification in recreation management. The National Recreation and Park Association administers a certification program called the CPRP (Certified Park and Recreation Professional)^[16] that is considered a national standard for professional recreation specialist practices.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Thomas S. Yukic. Fundamentals of Recreation, 2nd edition. Harpers & Row, 1970, Library of Congress 70-88646. p. 1f.
^ ^a ^b Bruce C. Daniels (1995). Puritans at Play. Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England. St. Martin's Press, New York. p. xi. ISBN 0-312-12500-3.
^ Online Etymology Dictionary
^ Yurkic TS (1970) page 2
^ Claudia Wallis (1983-06-06), "Stress: Can We Cope?", Time, retrieved October 31, 2010
^ ^a ^b McLean DD, Hurd AR, Rogers NB (2005). Kraus' Recreation and Leisure in Modern Society, 7th Edition. Jones and Bartlett. p. 1ff. ISBN 0-7637-0756-2.
^ Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 24 (http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/043/88/IMG/NR004388.pdf?OpenElement), adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (A/RES/217, 10 December 1948 at Palais de Chaillot, Paris)
^ Yukic TS, 1970, page 3f
^ Kulkarni, D. Enjoying Math: Learning Problem Solving With KenKen Puzzles, A textbook for teaching with KenKen Puzzles.
^ Queensland Government. "What is Recreation?". Retrieved October 31, 2010.
^ Rechner (March 11, 2010). "Letter to the Editor: Outdoor recreation stimulates the economy". Washington Post. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
^ Yucik TS, 1970, page 62f
^ Smith, E. L.; Raab, D. M. (1986). "Osteoporosis and physical activity". Acta medica Scandinavica. Supplementum 711: 149–156. PMID 3535406.
^ ^a ^b Parent, M.; Rousseau, M.; El-Zein, M.; Latreille, B.; Désy, M.; Siemiatycki, J. (2010). "Occupational and recreational physical activity during adult life and the risk of cancer among men". Cancer epidemiology 35 (2): 151–159. doi:10.1016/j.canep.2010.09.004. PMID 21030330.
^ Breslow, R. A.; Ballard-Barbash, R.; Munoz, K.; Graubard, B. I. (2001). "Long-term recreational physical activity and breast cancer in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I epidemiologic follow-up study". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 10 (7): 805–808. PMID 11440967.
^ "Certified Park and Recreation Professional (CPRP) Certification". National Recreation and Park Association. Retrieved 6 November 2010.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における胆嚢機能障害 functional gallbladder disorder in adults
2. ブラストミセス症の菌学、病因、および疫学 mycology pathogenesis and epidemiology of blastomycosis
3. 肥満成人における身体活動および運動の役割 role of physical activity and exercise in obese adults
4. 小児における歯の損傷の評価およびマネージメント evaluation and management of dental injuries in children
5. 小児における補助サービス auxiliary services in pediatrics

English Journal

Effects of caffeine and menthol on cognition and mood during simulated firefighting in the heat.

Zhang Y1, Balilionis G2, Casaru C2, Geary C2, Schumacker RE3, Neggers YH4, Curtner-Smith MD2, Richardson MT2, Bishop PA2, Green JM5.Author information 1Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA. Electronic address: yzhang68@bama.ua.edu.2Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.3Department of Educational Studies in Psychology, Research Methodology, and Counseling, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.4Department of Human Nutrition, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.5Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL 35632, USA.AbstractThis study examined the separate effects of caffeine and menthol on cognition and mood during simulated firefighting in the heat. Participants (N = 10) performed three trials in a counterbalanced order, either with 400 mg caffeine, menthol lozenges, or placebo. The simulated firefighting consisted of 2 bouts of 20-min treadmill exercise and one bout of 20-min stepping exercise in the heat with two brief 15-min rest periods between each exercise phase. Exercise induced significant dehydration (>3%) and elevated rectal temperature (>38.9 °C), for all three conditions. Neither caffeine nor menthol reduced perceived exertion compared to placebo (p > 0.05). Mood ratings (i.e., alertness, hedonic tone, tension) significantly deteriorated over time (p < 0.05), but there was no difference among the three conditions. Simple reaction time, short-term memory, and retrieval memory did not alter with treatments or repeated evaluations. Reaction accuracy from a math test remained unchanged throughout the experimental period; reaction time from the math test was significantly faster after exposure to the heat (p < 0.05). It is concluded that, exhaustive exercise in the heat severely impacted mood, but minimally impacted cognition. These treatments failed to show ergogenic benefits in a simulated firefighting paradigm in a hot environment.
Applied ergonomics.Appl Ergon.2014 May;45(3):510-4. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2013.07.005. Epub 2013 Jul 26.
This study examined the separate effects of caffeine and menthol on cognition and mood during simulated firefighting in the heat. Participants (N = 10) performed three trials in a counterbalanced order, either with 400 mg caffeine, menthol lozenges, or placebo. The simulated firefighting consiste
PMID 23891504

Transforming Pinus pinaster forest to recreation site: preliminary effects on LAI, some forest floor, and soil properties.

Oztürk M1, Bolat I.Author information 1Division of Landscape Techniques, Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Forestry, Bartın University, Room no: 314, 74100, Bartın, Turkey, melihozturk@bartin.edu.tr.AbstractThis study investigates the effects of forest transformation into recreation site. A fragment of a Pinus pinaster plantation forest was transferred to a recreation site in the city of Bartın located close to the Black Sea coast of northwestern Turkey. During the transformation, some of the trees were selectively removed from the forest to generate more open spaces for the recreationists. As a result, Leaf Area Index (LAI) decreased by 0.20 (about 11 %). Additionally, roads and pathways were introduced into the site together with some recreational equipment sealing parts of the soil surface. Consequently, forest environment was altered with a semi-natural landscape within the recreation site. The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of forest transformation into recreation site particularly in terms of the LAI parameter, forest floor, and soil properties. Preliminary monitoring results indicate that forest floor biomass is reduced by 26 % in the recreation site compared to the control site. Soil temperature is increased by 15 % in the recreation site where selective removal of trees expanded the gaps allowing more light transmission. On the other hand, the soil bulk density which is an indicator of soil compaction is unexpectedly slightly lower in the recreation site. Organic carbon (Corg) and total nitrogen (Ntotal) together with the other physical and chemical parameter values indicate that forest floor and soil have not been exposed to much disturbance. However, subsequent removal of trees that would threaten the vegetation, forest floor, and soil should not be allowed. The activities of the recreationists are to be concentrated on the paved spaces rather than soil surfaces. Furthermore, long-term monitoring and management is necessary for both the observation and conservation of the site.
Environmental monitoring and assessment.Environ Monit Assess.2014 Apr;186(4):2563-72. doi: 10.1007/s10661-013-3560-1. Epub 2013 Dec 4.
This study investigates the effects of forest transformation into recreation site. A fragment of a Pinus pinaster plantation forest was transferred to a recreation site in the city of Bartın located close to the Black Sea coast of northwestern Turkey. During the transformation, some of the trees we
PMID 24306444

Outbreak of leptospirosis after white-water rafting: sign of a shift from rural to recreational leptospirosis in Sri Lanka?

Agampodi SB1, Karunarathna D1, Jayathilala N1, Rathnayaka H1, Agampodi TC1, Karunanayaka L2.Author information 1Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University, Sri Lanka.2Medical Research Institute, Sri Lanka.AbstractSUMMARY This paper reports the first recreation-related leptospirosis outbreak in Sri Lanka in 20 office workers who were involved in white-water rafting during a staff outing. Two weeks after the rafting event on 7 September 2012, six participants developed fever, of which four had classical clinical features of leptospirosis. Four weeks after the exposure, an outbreak investigation was conducted for 19 of the 20 participants. Of the six fever patients, four were confirmed as having acute leptospirosis using either single sample MAT titre ⩾1/400 (n = 2) or positive IgM ELISA (n = 2). An afebrile patient with headache and myalgia also had a MAT titre ⩾1/400. Seventeen of the 19 participants investigated showed anti-leptospiral antibodies. None of the participants had a history of leptospirosis or recent outdoor exposures other than the rafting event. This outbreak provides evidence of the changing epidemiology of leptospirosis and suggests a wider range of risk exposures including those related to recreational activities of more affluent urban populations in addition to the well recognized occupational hazards of rural farming.
Epidemiology and infection.Epidemiol Infect.2014 Apr;142(4):843-6. doi: 10.1017/S0950268813001465. Epub 2013 Jun 26.
SUMMARY This paper reports the first recreation-related leptospirosis outbreak in Sri Lanka in 20 office workers who were involved in white-water rafting during a staff outing. Two weeks after the rafting event on 7 September 2012, six participants developed fever, of which four had classical clinic
PMID 23800619

Japanese Journal

文化選擇和"地方"的再生產 : "泛中國文化"的建構

陳志勤
164, 232-254, 2013-12-24
… Therefore, the recreation of the image of 'Shui Xiang Gu Zhen (i.e., Ancient Canal Towns)' can be conducted. …
NAID 120005367866

A Proposal for Source Tracking of Fecal Pollution in Recreational Waters by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis

FURUKAWA TAKASHI,SUZUKI YOSHIHIRO
Microbes and environments 28(4), 444-449, 2013-12
NAID 40019926804

多様なレクリエーション機会の提供という視点からみた自然公園管理のあり方 : 十和田八幡平国立公園八幡平地区を事例としたROS手法の適用

柴崎茂光,佐藤武志,金美沙子 [他]
林業経済 66(9), 1-17, 2013-12
NAID 40019925313

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