ラフト、いかだ　　　　　　

WordNet

travel by raft in water; "Raft the Colorado River"
a flat float (usually made of logs or planks) that can be used for transport or as a platform for swimmers
make into a raft; "raft these logs"
transport on a raft; "raft wood down a river"
an aircraft designed in accordance with technology that makes detection by radar difficult
aircraft supported by its own buoyancy

PrepTutorEJDIC

いかだ / =life raft / 〈海・川など〉‘を'いかだで渡る;…‘を'いかだで運ぶ / 〈材木〉‘を'いかだに組んで運ぶ / いかだぃ行く
(…の)多数,多量《+『of』+『名』》
軽飛行機

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/20 03:01:12」(JST)

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Traditional raft, from 1884 edition of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

A raft is any flat structure for support or transportation over water.^[1] It is the most basic of boat design, characterized by the absence of a hull. Although there are cross-over boat types that blur this definition, rafts are usually kept afloat by using any combination of buoyant materials such as wood, sealed barrels, or inflated air chambers (such as pontoons), and are typically not propelled by an engine^{[citation needed]}.

Human-made rafts

Sketch by F.E. Paris (1841) showing construction of a native Peruvian balsa raft

Traditional or primitive rafts are constructed of wood or reeds. Modern rafts may also use pontoons, drums, or extruded polystyrene blocks^{[citation needed]} . Inflatable rafts use durable, multi-layered rubberized fabrics. Depending on its use and size, it may have a superstructure, masts, or rudders. Timber rafting is used by the logging industry for the transportation of logs, by tying them together into rafts and drifting or pulling them down a river^{[citation needed]} . This method was very common up until the middle of the 20th century but is now used only rarely.

Lumber rafts on the Peter I Canal. Early 20th century picture by S. Prokudin-Gorsky

The type of raft used for recreational rafting is almost exclusively an inflatable boat, manufactured of flexible materials for use on whitewater.

Natural rafts

In biology, particularly in island biogeography, non-manmade rafts are an important concept. Such rafts consist of matted clumps of vegetation that has been swept off the dry land by a storm, tsunami, tide, earthquake or similar event; in modern times they sometimes also incorporate other kinds of flotsam and jetsam, e.g. plastic containers. They stay afloat by its natural buoyancy and can travel for hundreds, even thousands of miles and ultimately are destroyed by wave action and decomposition, or make landfall^{[citation needed]} .

Rafting events are important means of oceanic dispersal for non-flying animals. For small mammals, amphibians and reptiles in particular, but for many invertebrates as well, such rafts of vegetation are often the only means by which they could reach and – if they are lucky – colonize oceanic islands before human-built vehicles provided another mode of transport^{[citation needed]} .

Image gallery

Three Arks for a log drive on Pine Creek, in Lycoming or Tioga County, Pennsylvania, USA. The left ark was for cooking and dining, the middle ark was the sleeping quarters and the right ark was for the horses. The arks were built for just one log drive and then sold for their lumber. The line of the Jersey Shore, Pine Creek and Buffalo Railway can be seen on the eastern shore: the mountainside behind it is nearly bare of trees from clearcutting.^{[citation needed]}

Children successfully test their raft, in Brixham Harbour, South Devon, England. The raft is made from wooden poles, rope and blue barrels.

Raft carrying visitors to Tom Sawyer Island at Disneyland, about 1960.

Rafting on the Dunajec River at Pieniny, Poland, about 2005-2010.

A modern steamboat and primitive rafts in the Chilean port of Huasco in the 1850s.

References

^ G. & C. Merriam Co., Websters New Collegiate Dictionary, 1976, ISBN 0-87779-339-5

External links

World of Boats (EISCA) Collection ~ Australian Reed Raft
World of Boats (EISCA) Collection ~ Brazilian Jangada
Homemade Raft Plans and Photos of Rafts
Neutrino Raft - vessels made from scrap

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Erector spinae plane (ESP) block with a transverse in-plane approach for management of referred shoulder pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Raft J, Chin KJ, Richebé P.
Journal of clinical anesthesia. 2019 Aug;55()100-101.
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The construction of thiol-functionalized DNAsomes with small molecules response and protein release.

Wu G, Liu X, Zhou P, Xu Z, Hegazy M, Huang X, Huang Y.
Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications. 2019 Jun;99()1153-1163.
In this work, a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) polymer (PNIPAAm) was prepared via the photoinduced reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization using Ru(bpy)Cl·6HO as photoinitiator. The design and spontaneous assembly of thiol-functionalized DNA-Thiol/PNIPAAm polymeric capsu
PMID 30889649

Effect of liraglutide on body weight and microvascular function in non-diabetic overweight women with coronary microvascular dysfunction.

Suhrs HE, Raft KF, Bové K, Madsbad S, Holst JJ, Zander M, Prescott E.
International journal of cardiology. 2019 May;283()28-34.
Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes and CMD is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. Liraglutide improves cardiovascular prognosis through partly unknown mechanisms. We hypothesized that treatment with liraglutide improves CMD and symptoms through wei
PMID 30773266

Japanese Journal

Confining domains lead to reaction bursts: reaction kinetics in the plasma membrane.

Kalay Ziya,Fujiwara Takahiro K,Kusumi Akihiro
PloS one 7(3), 2012-03
… The cellular plasma membrane, which is the outermost membrane that surrounds the entire cell, was considered to be a continuous two-dimensional liquid, but it is becoming clear that it consists of numerous nano-meso-scale domains with various lifetimes, such as raft domains and cytoskeleton-induced compartments, and membrane molecules are dynamically trapped in these domains. …
NAID 120004161078

〈研究論文〉タイの水上居住のしつらえと空間構成

松田博幸,津田英明,川原崇寛
近畿大学工学部研究報告 (45), 49-56, 2011-12
[Synopsis] This paper describes two issues about the present condition for the inhabitant of the water housing in Thailand by the field work and interviewing: (1) the condition of the living space; (2 …
NAID 120003876031

カキ養殖の実施形態別有機物負荷特性の評価

川口修,平田靖,若野真,山本民次,陸田秀実
日本水産學會誌 = Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 77(6), 1043-1050, 2011-11-15
江田島湾を対象に，カキ養殖モデルを構築し，カキ筏から負荷される有機物量を「ヨクセイ」，「イキス」および「ノコシ」と呼ばれる養殖実施形態別に見積もった。これにより，カキ養殖によって海底に負荷される有機物総量は年間 13.5 kg P eta−1 d−1 であり，筏台数の多い「ヨクセイ」によるものが大きいことが明らかとなった。一方，筏単位では，「ノコシ」の負荷量が「ヨクセイ」の 1.5 倍と大きかった …
NAID 10029654052