quintuplet

　 　

WordNet

1. one of five children born at the same time from the same pregnancy (同)quint, quin
2. having five units or components (同)fivefold, five-fold
3. increase fivefold; "The population of China quintupled"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 五つ子の一人 / 《複数形で》五つ子 / (特に同種の)5個(5人)一組
2. 5倍の,5重の;5部(5人)からなる / 5倍,5倍の量(数) / 5倍になる / …‘を'5倍にする

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/10/02 17:28:26」(JST)

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"Quadruplet", "quintuplet", etc. redirect here. For the musical use of the terms, see tuplet. Or see Quintuplet cluster for the astronomical object.

Triplet brothers at graduation. Identical triplets are extremely rare, something that occurs only once in every 500,000 births.

A multiple birth occurs when more than one fetus is carried to term in a single pregnancy. The preceding pregnancy is called a multiple pregnancy. Different names for multiple births are used, depending on the number of offspring. Common multiples are two and three, known as twins and triplets, respectively. These and other multiple births occur to varying degrees in most animal species, although the term is most applicable to placental species.

Multiple birth siblings are either monozygotic or polyzygotic. The former result from a single fertilized egg or zygote splitting into two or more embryos, each carrying the same genetic material (genes). Siblings created from one egg are commonly called identical. Since identical multiples share the same genetic material, they are always of the same sex. Polyzygotic (or fraternal) multiples instead result from multiple ova being ripened and released in the same menstrual cycle by a woman's ovaries, which are then fertilized to grow into multiples no more genetically alike than ordinary full siblings, sharing 50% of their genetic material. Multiples called "dizygotic" represent multiples from two eggs specifically. For example, a set of triplets may be composed of identical twins from one egg and a third non-identical sibling from a second egg.

The most common form of multiple births for humans is twins. Many placental species give birth to multiples as a matter of course, with the resulting group called a litter.

In the United States, it has been estimated that by 2011, 36% of twin births and 77% of triplet and higher-order births resulted from conception by assisted reproductive technology.

Terminology

Fraternal twins at two weeks old. The technical term for "fraternal" is "polyzygotic".

• Monozygotic – multiple (typically two) fetuses produced by the splitting of a single zygote
• Dizygotic – multiple (typically two) fetuses produced by two zygotes
• Polyzygotic – multiple fetuses produced by two or more zygotes

Terms used for the order of multiple birth:

• Two offspring - twins
• Three offspring - triplets
• Four offspring - quadruplets
• Five offspring - quintuplets
• Six offspring - sextuplets
• Seven offspring - septuplets
• Eight offspring - octuplets
• Nine offspring - nonuplets
• Ten offspring - decaplets
• Eleven offspring - undecaplets
• Twelve offspring - duodecaplets
• Thirteen offspring - tridecaplets
• Fourteen offspring - quadecaplets
• Fifteen offspring - quindecaplets
• Sixteen offspring - sexdecuplets
• Seventeen offspring - sepdecuplets
• Eighteen offspring - octdecuplets
• Nineteen offspring - nondecuplets
• Twenty offspring - icosuplets

Higher order multiples

Identical triplets like these three sisters occur when a single fertilized egg splits in two and then one of the resulting two eggs splits again.

High orders of multiple births (three or more offspring in one birth) may result in a combination of fraternal (genetically different) and identical (genetically identical) siblings. The latter are also called super twins. For example, a set of triplets may consist of two identical siblings and one fraternal sibling. This happens when two eggs are fertilized and one of these subsequently divides into two fetuses. By analogy with monozygotic and dizygotic twins, such a combination is called dizygotic triplets. The Kübler triplets (see Elisabeth Kübler-Ross) were of this type.

Identical triplets or quadruplets are very rare and result when the original fertilized egg splits and then one of the resultant cells splits again (for triplets) or, even more rarely, a further split occurs (for quadruplets). Identical triplets occur in about one in a million pregnancies.

Human multiple births

Fraternal twin sisters taking a nap. Nonidentical twins, the most common kind of multiple birth among humans, occur in about 1 out of every 80 pregnancies.

Twins are by far the most common multiples born live. Multiple births of as many as eight babies have been born alive, the first set on record to the Chukwu family in Texas in 1998; one died and seven survived. In 2009, a second set, the Suleman octuplets, was born in Bellflower, California. The most recent report that all were still alive was shortly before their fifth birthday.

There have been a few sets of nonuplets (nine) in which a few babies were born alive, though none lived longer than a few days. There have been cases of human pregnancies that started out with ten, eleven, twelve or fifteen fetuses, but no instances of live births. The pregnancies of the 10, 11 and 15 fetuses have all resulted from fertility medications and assisted reproductive technology (ART). However there has been one documented case when 12 fetuses were conceived naturally.

Multiple pregnancies in humans are usually born prior to 38 weeks of gestation, the average length of pregnancy. Thirty-six weeks is average for twin births, thirty-two weeks for triplets and thirty weeks for quadruplets.

Quadruplets

Quadruplets are much rarer than twins or triplets. As of 2007, there were approximately 3500 sets recorded worldwide. Quadruplet births are becoming increasingly common due to fertility treatments. There are around 70 sets of all-identical quadruplets worldwide. Many sets of quadruplets contain a mixture of identical and fraternal siblings, such as three identical and one fraternal, two identical and two fraternal, or two pairs of identicals. One famous set of identical quadruplets was the Genain quadruplets, all of whom developed schizophrenia. Quadruplets and quintuplets are sometimes referred to as "quads" and "quins" in Britain or "quints" in the USA.

Causes and frequency

The frequency of N multiple births from natural pregnancies has been give as approximately 1:89^N-1 (Hellin's law) and traditionally as about 1:80^N-1 (1:80 means 1 time in 80). This gives:

• 1:89 (= 1.1%) or 1:80 (= 1.25%) for twins
• 1:89² (= 1:7921, about 0.013%) or 1:80² (= 1:6400) for triplets
• 1:89³ (= approx. 0.000142%, less than 1:700,000) or 1:80³ for quadruplets

North American dizygotic twinning occurs about once in 83 conceptions, and triplets about once in 8000 conceptions. US figures for 2010 were:

• Twins, 132,562, 3.31%
• Triplets, 5,503, 0.14%
• Quadruplets, 313, 0.0078%
• Quintuplets and more, 37, 0.00092%

The Canadian Dionne sisters, seen in this 1947 photograph, were the first quintuplets known to survive infancy.

Human multiple births can occur either naturally (the woman ovulates multiple eggs or the fertilized egg splits into two) or as the result of infertility treatments such as IVF (several embryos are often transferred to compensate for lower quality) or fertility drugs (which can cause multiple eggs to mature in one ovulatory cycle).

For reasons that are not yet known, the older a woman is, the more likely she is to have a multiple birth naturally. It is theorized that this is due to the higher level of follicle-stimulating hormone that older women sometimes have as their ovaries respond more slowly to FSH stimulation.

The number of multiple births has increased over the last decade. For example, in Canada between 1979 and 1999, the number of multiple birth babies increased 35%. Before the advent of ovulation-stimulating drugs, triplets were quite rare (approximately 1 in 8000 births) and higher-order births much rarer still. Much of the increase can probably be attributed to the impact of fertility treatments, such as in-vitro fertilization. Younger patients who undergo treatment with fertility medication containing artificial FSH, followed by intrauterine insemination, are particularly at risk for multiple births of higher order.

The Gosselin sextuplets with their parents and sisters, cover of KoreAm, May 2008

Certain factors appear to increase the likelihood that a woman will naturally conceive multiples. These include:

• mother's age: women over 35 are more likely to have multiples than younger women
• mother's use of fertility drugs: approximately 35% of pregnancies arising through the use of fertility treatments such as IVF involve more than one child

The increasing use of fertility drugs and consequent increased rate of multiple births has made the phenomenon of multiples more frequent and hence more visible. In 2004 the birth of sextuplets to Pennsylvania couple Kate and Jon Gosselin helped them to launch their television series, originally Jon & Kate Plus 8 and (following their divorce) Kate Plus 8, which became the highest-rated show on the TLC network.

Risks

Premature birth and low birth weight

Babies born from multiple-birth pregnancies are much more likely to result in premature birth than those from single pregnancies. 51% of twins and 91% of triplets are born preterm, compared to 9.4% in singletons. 14% of twins and 41% of triplets are even born very preterm, compared to 1.7% in singletons.

The preterm births also result in multiples tending to have a lower birth weight compared to singletons.

Some evidence indicates that only 1.10% of singletons are born with a very low birth weight and 10.12% twins and 31.88% triplets were found to be born with very low birth weight. This Study was conducted by looking at the statistics from the U.S. Natality Files (5).

Among the exceptions are the Kupresak triplets of Mississauga, Ontario, Canada; their combined weight at birth in 2008, of 17 lbs, 2.7 ounces, set a world record.

Cerebral palsy

Cerebral palsy is more common among multiple births than single births, being 2.3 per 1,000 survivors in singletons, 13 in twins, and 45 in triplets in North West England. This is likely a side effect of premature birth and low birth weight.

Incomplete separation

Further information: Twin § Degree of separation

Multiples may become monochorionic, sharing the same chorion, with resultant risk of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Monochorionic multiples may even become monoamniotic, sharing the same amniotic sac, resulting in risk of umbilical cord compression and nuchal cord. In very rare cases, there may be conjoined twins, possibly impairing function of internal organs..

Mortality rate (stillbirth)

Multiples are also known to have a higher mortality rate. It is more common for multiple births to be stillborn, while for singletons the risk is not as high. A literary review on multiple pregnancies shows a study done on one set each of septuplets and octuplets, two sets of sextuplets, 8 sets of quintuplets, 17 sets of quadruplets, and 228 sets of triplets. By doing this study, Hammond found that the mean gestational age (how many weeks when birthed) at birth was 33.4 weeks for triplets and 31 weeks for quadruplets. This shows that stillbirth happens usually 3–5 weeks before the woman reaches full term and also that for sextuplets or higher it almost always ends in death of the fetuses. Though multiples are at a greater risk of being stillborn, there is inconclusive evidence whether the actual mortality rate is higher in multiples than in singletons.

Prevention in IVF

Today many multiple pregnancies are the result of in vitro fertilisation (IVF). In a study in 1997 of 2,173 embryo transfers performed as part of in vitro fertilisation (IVF), 34% were successfully delivered pregnancies. The overall multiple pregnancy rate was 31.3% (24.7% twins, 5.8% triplets, and .08% quadruplets). Because IVFs are producing more multiples, a number of efforts are being made to reduce the risk of multiple births- specifically triplets or more. Medical practitioners are doing this by limiting the number of embryos per embryo transfer to one or two. That way, the risks for the mother and fetuses are decreased.

The appropriate number of embryos to be transferred depends on the age of the woman, whether it is the first, second or third full IVF cycle attempt and whether there are top-quality embryos available. According to a guideline from The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in 2013, the number of embryos transferred in a cycle should be chosen as in following table:

Age	Attempt No.	Embryos transferred
<37 years	1st	1
	2nd	1 if top-quality
	3rd	No more than 2
37–39 years	1st & 2nd	1 if top-quality
		2 if no top-quality
	3rd	No more than 2
40–42 years		2

Also, it is recommended to use single embryo transfer in all situations if a top-quality blastocyst is available.

Management of multiple pregnancy

Selective reduction

Main article: Selective reduction

Another procedure that the medical world is using today is known as selective reduction, i.e. the termination of one or more, but not all, of the fetuses. This is often done in pregnancies with multiple gestations to increase the likelihood that one child may live a healthy life. Armour found by looking at a review of a series of 1,000 selective reduction cases, there has had a loss rate of 5.4% in pregnancies. Many of the losses (15%) occurred within 4 weeks of the procedures and more than 50% occurred after 8 weeks. This suggests that the reduction was successful at reducing the embryos from multiple gestations to single.

Though selective reduction seems to be working, mothers of multiples who undergo this procedure are at a higher risk of miscarrying compared to that of an unreduced multiple pregnancy. A study done by looking at 158 pregnant women who underwent selective reduction from higher order multiples to twins showed that the mother had a 10.6% chance of miscarriage. Mothers of twin pregnancies without reduction only had a 9.5% chance of miscarriage. Antsaklis shows that there is a small increase in mortality for reduced twin pregnancies versus unreduced twin pregnancies.

Competition among fertility clinics does not appear to increase rates of multiple births from fertility treatment by promoting more aggressive embryo transfer decisions.

Cesarean section or vaginal delivery

A study in 2013 involving 106 participating centers in 25 countries came to the conclusion that, in a twin pregnancy of a gestational age between 32 weeks 0 days and 38 weeks 6 days, and the first twin is in cephalic presentation, planned Cesarean section does not significantly decrease or increase the risk of fetal or neonatal death or serious neonatal disability, as compared with planned vaginal delivery. In this study, 44% of the women planned for vaginal delivery still ended up having Cesarean section for unplanned reasons such as pregnancy complications. In comparison, it has been estimated that 75% of twin pregnancies in the United States were delivered by Cesarean section in 2008. Also in comparison, the rate of Cesarean section for all pregnancies in the general population varies between 40% and 14%.

Cesarean delivery is needed when first twin is in non cephalic presentation or when it is a monoamniotic twin pregnancy.

Neonatal intensive care

Multiple-birth infants are usually admitted to neonatal intensive care immediately after being born. The records for all the triplet pregnancies managed and delivered from 1992-1996 were looked over to see what the neonatal statistics were. Kaufman found from reviewing these files that during a five-year period, 55 triplet pregnancies, which is 165 babies, were delivered. Of the 165 babies 149 were admitted to neonatal intensive care after the delivery.

Insurance Coverage

A study by the U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality found that, in 2011, pregnant women covered by private insurance in the United States were older and more likely to have multiple gestation than women covered by Medicaid.

Cultural aspects

Certain cultures consider multiple births a portent of either good or evil.

Mayan culture saw twins as a blessing, and was fascinated by the idea of two bodies looking alike. The Mayans used to believe that twins were one soul that had fragmented.

In Ancient Rome, the legend of the twin brothers who founded the city (Romulus and Remus) made the birth of twin boys a blessing, while twin girls were seen as an unlucky burden, since both would have to be provided with an expensive dowry at about the same time.

In Greek mythology, fraternal twins Castor and Polydeuces, and Heracles and Iphicles, are sons of two different fathers. One of the twins (Polydeuces, Heracles) is the illegitimate son of the god Zeus; his brother is the son of their mother's mortal husband. A similar pair of twin sisters are Helen (of Troy) and Clytemnestra (who are also sisters of Castor and Polydeuces). The theme occurs in other mythologies as well, and is called superfecundation.

In certain medieval European chivalric romances, such as Marie de France's Le Fresne, a woman cites a multiple birth (often to a lower-class woman) as proof of adultery on her part; while this may reflect a widespread belief, it is invariably treated as malicious slander, to be justly punished by the accuser having a multiple birth of her own, and the events of the romance are triggered by her attempt to hide one or more of the children. A similar effect occurs in the Knight of the Swan romance, in the Beatrix variants of the Swan-Children; her taunt is punished by giving birth to seven children at once, and her wicked mother-in-law returns her taunt before exposing the children.

See also

• Biological reproduction
• Conjoined twins
• Half a Dozen Babies a 1999 drama film, about the 1993 born Dilley sextuplets.
• List of multiple births
• List of twins
• Only child
• Superfecundation (multiple pregnancy resulting from separate sexual intercourses)
• Twin
• Feodor Vassilyev

References

External links

• Facts About Multiples
• Incredible Births, list of multiple births
• HFEA consultation on multiple births after IVF
• D. L. Ashliman, Multiple Births in Legend and Folklore

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 多胎妊娠における減数手術 multifetal pregnancy reduction and selective termination
• 2. 多胎妊娠の新生児の転帰、合併症、およびマネージメント neonatal outcome complications and management of multiple births
• 3. クエン酸クロミフェンによる排卵誘発 ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate
• 4. 周産期死亡率 perinatal mortality
• 5. 原因不明の不妊症 unexplained infertility

English Journal

• Trans-oral anterior fundoplication: 5-year follow-up of pilot study.

• Roy-Shapira A1, Bapaye A, Date S, Pujari R, Dorwat S.
• Surgical endoscopy.Surg Endosc.2015 Mar 18. [Epub ahead of print]
• BACKGROUND: This is a report of an IRB-approved pilot study of 13 patients who received a trans-oral anterior partial fundoplication for the treatment of GERD using an ultrasound-guided, flexible surgical stapler. All patients had a history of PPI use, objective evidence of GERD, and no significant
• PMID 25783833

• Identifying Similar Cases in Document Networks using Cross-reference Structures.

• Botsis T, Scott J, Woo EJ, Ball R.
• IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics.IEEE J Biomed Health Inform.2014 Aug 7. [Epub ahead of print]
• Our objective was to explore the creation of document networks based on different thresholds of shared information and different clustering algorithms on those networks to identify document clusters describing similar clinical cases. We created networks from vaccine adverse event report sets using s
• PMID 25122604

• Combined genetic mutations have remarkable effect on deep venous thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism occurence.

• Simsek E1, Yesilyurt A2, Pinarli F3, Eyerci N4, Ulus AT5.
• Gene.Gene.2014 Feb 15;536(1):171-6. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.11.019. Epub 2013 Dec 12.
• PURPOSE: Although deep vein thrombosis and thromboembolic diseases differ among various races, they are still important in our day. The difficulties in treatment and following-up of these diseases are caused by secret genetic mutations rather than predisposing factors.METHODS: Between January 2011 a
• PMID 24334115

Japanese Journal

• 日食グラスで月に隠れる太陽を見よう : 日食グラスのサンプル配布

• 天文月報 102(6), 382-383, 2009-05-20
• NAID 10024590911

• 信頼度表現を考慮した評価文からの属性情報の抽出

• 日本知能情報ファジィ学会 ファジィ システム シンポジウム 講演論文集 21(0), 6-6, 2005
• NAID 130005035075

• 受精卵クローン牛枝肉横断面の画像解析による類似性の評価

• 日本畜産學會報 = The Japanese journal of zootechnical science 74(1), 1-7, 2003-02-25
• NAID 10025836305

Related Links

• quintuplet - ウィクショナリー日本語版

出典: フリー多機能辞典『ウィクショナリー日本語版（Wiktionary）』 移動: 案内、 検索 目次 1 英語 1.1 語源 1.2 名詞 1.2.1 関連語 1.2.2 翻訳 1.3 形容詞 英語 [編集] 語源 [編集] quintuple + 指小辞-let 名詞 [編集] 五つ子のひとり。

• quintupletの意味 - 英和辞書 - goo辞書

quintupletとは。意味や和訳。[名]1 5個[人]一組.2 五つ子の一人；((〜s))五つ子.3 《音楽》五連音符. - goo辞書は国語、英和、和英、中国語、百科事典等からまとめて探せる辞書検索サービスです。

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