WordNet

a musical composition for four performers (同)quartette
four performers or singers who perform together (同)quartette
four people considered as a unit; "he joined a barbershop quartet"; "the foursome teed off before 9 a.m." (同)quartette, foursome
a set of four similar things considered as a unit (同)quartette, quadruplet, quadruple
an unaccompanied quartet of (usually male) voices singing sentimental songs in four-part harmony
an instrumental quartet with 2 violins and a viola and a cello (同)string quartette
a United States dry unit equal to 2 pints or 67.2 cubic inches (同)dry quart
a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 2 pints or 1.136 liters
a United States liquid unit equal to 32 fluid ounces; four quarts equal one gallon

PrepTutorEJDIC

四重唱[曲,団];四重秦[曲,団] / 四つ組み,四つぞろい
クォート(液量の単位で《米》約0.95リットル,《英》約1.13リットル;乾量の単位で《米》約1.1リットル,《英》約1.13リットル;《略》『qt.』,複数形は『qts.』) / 1クォート容器(ます・びん・つぼなど)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/05/25 11:03:48」(JST)

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For other uses, see Quartet (disambiguation).

In music, a quartet (French: quatuor, German: Quartett, Italian: quartetto, Spanish: cuarteto, Polish: kwartet) is a method of instrumentation (or a medium), used to perform a musical composition, and consisting of four parts.

Western art music

In Western art music, which is often referred to as "Classical music," string quartets are considered to be an important type of chamber music. String quartets consist of two violins, a viola, and a cello. The particular choice and number of instruments derives from the registers of the human voice: soprano, alto, tenor and bass. In the string quartet, two violins play the soprano and alto vocal registers, the viola plays the tenor register and the cello plays the bass register. Occasionally, string quartets are written for violin, viola, cello and double bass, representing the SATB format. The types of pieces written for this quartet are sometimes in the format of 2 main voices, (violin and cello) backed up by the viola and double bass respectively.

One of the early composers of string quartets, Luigi Boccherini, wrote 100 string quartets. Other important composers of string quartets include Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven. The term "quartet" is also used to refer to a musical composition written for such a group. In string quartets, each player is typically given an allowing distinct part.

Another common type of Western art music quartet is the piano quartet, consisting of violin, viola, cello, and piano.

Wind quartets are scored either the same as a string quartet with the wind instrument replacing the first violin (i.e. scored for wind, violin, viola and cello) or are groups of four wind instruments. Among the latter, the SATB format woodwind quartet of flute, oboe, clarinet, and bassoon is relatively common.

An example of a wind quartet featuring four of the same types of wind instruments is the "Saxophone Quartet", consisting of Soprano Saxophone, Alto Saxophone, Tenor Saxophone and Baritone Saxophone or (SATB). Often a second alto may be substituted for the Soprano part (AATB) or a Bass Saxophone may be substituted for the Bari. The groups usually perform a mix of classical and jazz. Saxophone Quartet literature is limited and most of the traditional style classical sheet music is transcribed from string quartet charts.

Jazz

Quartets are widely used in jazz and jazz fusion music. A standard quartet formation in jazz is an ensemble consisting of a "horn" (e.g., saxophone, trumpet, etc.), a chordal instrument (e.g., electric guitar, piano, Hammond organ, etc.), a bass instrument (e.g., double bass or bass guitar) and a drum kit. This configuration is sometimes modified by using a second "horn" in place of the chordal instrument, or by using two chordal instruments (e.g., piano and electric guitar).

Popular music

The quartet lineup is very common in pop and rock music. A standard quartet formation in pop and rock music is an ensemble consisting of two electric guitars, a bass guitar, and a drum kit. This configuration is sometimes modified by using a keyboard instrument (e.g., organ, piano, synthesizer) or a soloing instrument (e.g., saxophone) in place of the second electric guitar.^[1]

Vocal quartet

Vocal quartets can consist of:
1st Tenor, 2nd Tenor (Lead), Baritone, and Bass for male groups;
1st Soprano, 2nd Soprano (Lead), Mezzo-Soprano, and Contralto for female groups;
Soprano, Mezzo-Soprano, Tenor or Baritone, and Bass for mixed groups;
Tenor, Lead, Baritone, Bass for male or female quartets singing barbershop music

Western art music

In the Western art music tradition, vocal music arranged for four singers in an opera or choral work is referred to as a quartet.^[2]

Popular music

In 20th century US popular music, the term "vocal quartet" is used to refer to ensembles of four singers, usually of the same sex. This is particularly common for Barbershop quartets and Gospel quartets. Some well-known female US vocal quartets include The Carter Sisters; The Forester Sisters; The Chiffons; The Chordettes; The Lennon Sisters; and En Vogue. Some well-known male US vocal quartets include The Ames Brothers; The Chi-Lites; Crosby Stills Nash & Young; The Dixie Hummingbirds; The Four Aces; Four Freshmen; The Four Seasons; The Four Tops; The Cathedral Quartet; Ernie Haase and Signature Sound; The Golden Gate Quartet; The Hilltoppers; The Jordanaires; Mills Brothers; The Rascals; and The Skylarks. The only known U.S. drag quartet is The Kinsey Sicks. Some mixed-gender vocal quartets include The Pied Pipers; The Mamas & the Papas; The Merry Macs; and The Weavers; .

References

^ dailymail (9 June 2011). "Million Dollar Quartet: A toe-tapping night of music perfect for Father's Day". Daily Mail (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2000469/Million-Dollar-Quartet-A-toe-tapping-night-music-perfect-Fathers-Da.html?ito=feeds-newsxml.
^ stuff (13/06/2011). "Acclaim for brilliant quartet". http://www.stuff.co.nz/marlborough-express/arts-entertainment/5136245/Acclaim-for-brilliant-quartet.

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Self-assembled G-quadruplex nanostructures: AFM and voltammetric characterization.

Chiorcea-Paquim AM, Santos PV, Eritja R, Oliveira-Brett AM.SourceDepartamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. brett@ci.uc.pt.
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G-rich oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) have great medical and nanotechnological potential, because they can self-assemble into G-quadruplexes and higher-order nanostructures. The folding properties of d(G)10, d(TG9) and d(TG8T) ODNs were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and voltammetry at ca
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Cu 4s → 4p atomic like excitations in the Ne matrix.

Hatano Y, Tatewaki H, Yamamoto S.SourceSchool of Information Sciences and Technology, Chukyo University, Toyota 470-0393, Japan.
Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.Phys Chem Chem Phys.2013 Jun 7;15(21):8324-33. doi: 10.1039/c3cp50179e. Epub 2013 Apr 24.
The lowest three or four excited states (the triplet or quartet states) of the Cu atom in a neon (Ne) matrix have been studied experimentally, and have been presumed to have the electronic configuration of Cu 4p(1). The origins of the triplet and the quartet are not yet fully clear, although many mo
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Fluorescent measurement of affinity binding between thrombin and its aptamers using on-chip affinity monoliths.

Gao C, Sun X, Woolley AT.SourceSchool of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Shandong 264209, China.
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A microfluidic chip with integrated 2mm long monoliths incorporated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) groups was developed for thrombin-aptamer interaction study. The non-G quartet forming oligonucleotide coated monoliths was compared to a 15 mer thrombin-binding aptamer, in which affinity binding an
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Anomalous EPR Intensity Distribution of the Methyl Radical Quartet Adsorbed on the Surface of Porous Materials. Comparison with Solid Gas Matrix Isolation.

Benetis NP, Dmitriev Y.SourceDepartment of Pollution Control, Technological Education Institution , TEI, West Macedonia, Kozani 501 00, Greece.
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The two inner lines of the EPR quartet of methyl radicals trapped in cryogenic gas matrices are superpositions of the inner transitions of an A-proton-spin quartet and an E-proton-spin doublet. Their intensity relative to the outer lines provides information on the population of the methyl-rotation
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渡邉康
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