関: pyrithioxine、pyrithioxine hydrochloride、pyritinol

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/06/26 09:27:10」(JST)

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Pyritinol also called pyridoxine disulfide or pyrithioxine (European drug names Encephabol, Encefabol, Cerbon 6) is a semi-natural water soluble analog of vitamin B₆ (Pyridoxine HCl). It was produced in 1961 by Merck Laboratories by bonding 2 vitamin B₆ compounds (pyridoxine) together with a disulfide bridge. Since the 1970s has been a prescription and OTC drug in several countries for cognitive disorders and learning disorders in children. Since the early 1990s it has been sold as a nootropic dietary supplement in the United States.

It is approved for "symptomatic treatment of chronically impaired brain function in dementia syndromes" and for "supportive treatment of sequelae of craniocerebral trauma" in various European countries, including Austria, Germany, France, Italy, Portugal, and Greece. In France it is also approved for rheumatoid arthritis as a disease modifying drug, on the basis of the results of clinical trials. It is not licensed for use in the United Kingdom, but in many countries it is available over the counter and is widely advertised on the internet as being for "memory disturbances." From the known sales data, it is estimated that more than 100 000 individuals in European Union countries have taken pyritinol in the past five years.

One small study, with 12 subjects given pyritinol, showed an improvement in performance on tests of reaction time, but not on memory tests.^[1]

Some studies have found large doses of Pyritinol can help to reduce hangovers.^[2]

Common dosages are 100-1,600 mg daily, taken in 1-3 doses during the day.

Adverse effects

Adverse effects include nausea, headache, and rarely allergic reaction.^{[citation needed]} A 2004 survey of six case reports suggested a link between pyritinol and severe cholestatic hepatitis when on several drugs for certain diseases.^[3]

Other rare side effects: acute pancreatitis^[4] and photoallergic eruption.^[5]

References

^ Hindmarch I, Coleston DM, Kerr JS (1990). "Psychopharmacological effects of pyritinol in normal volunteers". Neuropsychobiology 24 (3): 159–64. DOI:10.1159/000119478. PMID 2135070.
^ Wiese JG, Shlipak MG, Browner WS (June 2000). "The alcohol hangover". Annals of Internal Medicine 132 (11): 897–902. PMID 10836917. http://www.annals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10836917.
^ Maria V, Albuquerque A, Loureiro A, Sousa A, Victorino R (March 2004). "Severe cholestatic hepatitis induced by pyritinol". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 328 (7439): 572–4. DOI:10.1136/bmj.328.7439.572. PMC 381054. PMID 15001508. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=381054.
^ Straumann A, Bauer M, Pichler WJ, Pirovino M (August 1998). "Acute pancreatitis due to pyritinol: an immune-mediated phenomenon". Gastroenterology 115 (2): 452–4. DOI:10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70212-4. PMID 9679051. http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/PIIS0016508598702124.
^ Tanaka M, Niizeki H, Shimizu S, Miyakawa S (October 1996). "Photoallergic drug eruption due to pyridoxine hydrochloride". The Journal of Dermatology 23 (10): 708–9. PMID 8973037.

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English Journal

[Developmental dysphasia: assessment of the drug treatment efficacy].

Zavadenko NN, Kozlova EV, Koltunov IE.
Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova / Ministerstvo zdravookhraneniia i meditsinskoĭ promyshlennosti Rossiĭskoĭ Federatsii, Vserossiĭskoe obshchestvo nevrologov [i] Vserossiĭskoe obshchestvo psikhiatrov.Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova.2012;112(7 Pt 2):90-5.
To assess the efficacy of treatment with encephabol, we examined 40 children, aged from 3 to 5 years, with developmental dysphasia. All patients were randomized into two equal groups: group 1 received encephabol (suspension form, daily dosage 200-250 mg, or 12-15 mg/kg) during 2 months; group 2 did
PMID 23330199

[Efficacy of cortexin in the treatment of memory disorders in children].

Chutko LS, Surushkina SIu, Iakovenko EA, Bykova IuL, Nikishena IS.
Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova / Ministerstvo zdravookhraneniia i meditsinskoĭ promyshlennosti Rossiĭskoĭ Federatsii, Vserossiĭskoe obshchestvo nevrologov [i] Vserossiĭskoe obshchestvo psikhiatrov.Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova.2011;111(9 Pt 2):37-40.
Children, aged from 7 to 12 years, with memory disorders were treated with cortexin (30 patients) and encephabol (30 patients). The comparative evaluation of efficacy and safety of these drugs was carried out. The higher cortexin efficacy (the improvement in 86.7% of cases) in comparison with enceph
PMID 22027605

[Encephabol in the treatment of cognitive disorders in epilepsy].

Zenkov LR, Zenkova AL.
Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova / Ministerstvo zdravookhraneniia i meditsinskoĭ promyshlennosti Rossiĭskoĭ Federatsii, Vserossiĭskoe obshchestvo nevrologov [i] Vserossiĭskoe obshchestvo psikhiatrov.Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova.2011;111(5 Pt 2):77-80.
Cognitive disorders in patients with epilepsy were studied before and after the 6-week treatment with encephabol. The data on the examination of 24 patients were summarized. Before the treatment, patients with epilepsy demonstrated a larger number of errors, lower speed of reading and worse learning
PMID 23120794

Japanese Journal

Pyrithioxin HClによる肝内胆汁うっ滞の三症例 (肝疾患治療懇話会--第17回例会記録)

安倍弘彦 [他]
臨牀と研究 56(8), p2638-2642, 1979-08
NAID 40003785660

Blood Concentration and Urinary Excretion Profiles following Oral Administration of Esters of Pyrithioxin to Dogs

北尾和彦,矢田登,山崎勝,岩根順一,鎌田皎
Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin 25(6), 1350-1356, 1977-06-25
… An attempt was made to determine and compare oral absorption characteristics of ester derivatives of pyrithioxin (I) filled in hard gelatin capsules after administration to dogs. … Ester derivatives of I studied were pyrithioxin-tetraacetate dihydrochloride (I-A・2HCl), pyrithioxin-tetrapropionate dihydrochloride (I-P・2HCl), pyrithioxin-tetra-n-butyrate dihydrochloride (I-B・2HCl), and pyrithioxin-4,4'-disuccinate dihydrochloride (I-S・2HCl). …
NAID 110003622577

Biopharmaceutical Study of Pyrithioxin following Oral and Intravenous Administration to Dog

北尾和彦,矢田登,久保一義,藤原裕美,鎌田皎
Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin 25(6), 1343-1349, 1977-06-25
… After single oral and intravenous administration of pyrithioxin (I) to beagle dogs, the blood levels of 5'-desoxy-5'-methylsulfinylpyridoxol (II), one of the main metabolites of I in blood and urine, were measured with a high-performance liquid chromatography. …
NAID 110003622576

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ピリチオキシン」「pyritinol」
拡張検索	「pyrithioxine」「pyrithioxine hydrochloride」

「ピリチオキシン」

Pyritinol
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	5,5'-[dithiobis(methylene)]bis[4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol]
Clinical data
Pregnancy cat.	?
Legal status	?
Pharmacokinetic data
Half-life	2.5 hours
Identifiers
CAS number	1098-97-1
ATC code	N06BX02
PubChem	CID 14190
ChemSpider	13561
UNII	AK5Q5FZH2R
KEGG	D02160
ChEMBL	CHEMBL488093
Chemical data
Formula	C16H20N2O4S2
Mol. mass	368.473
	SMILES Oc1c(c(cnc1C)CSSCc2c(c(O)c(nc2)C)CO)CO;
	InChI InChI=1S/C16H20N2O4S2/c1-9-15(21)13(5-19)11(3-17-9)7-23-24-8-12-4-18-10(2)16(22)14(12)6-20/h3-4,19-22H,5-8H2,1-2H3 ; Key:SIXLXDIJGIWWFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
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