pyrethrum

WordNet

white-flowered pyrethrum of Balkan area whose pinnate leaves are white and silky-hairy below; source of an insecticide; sometimes placed in genus Chrysanthemum (同)Dalmatian pyrethrum, Dalmatia pyrethrum, Tanacetum cinerariifolium, Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium
made of dried flower heads of pyrethrum plants
used in former classifications for plants later placed in genus Chrysanthemum and now often included in genus Tanacetum (同)genus Pyrethrum

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/01/25 04:54:38」(JST)

wiki en

Pyrethrum was a genus of several Old World plants now classified as Chrysanthemum or Tanacetum (e.g., C. coccineum) which are cultivated as ornamentals for their showy flower heads. Pyrethrum continues to be used as a common name for plants formerly included in the genus Pyrethrum. Pyrethrum is also the name of a natural insecticide made from the dried flower heads of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium and Chrysanthemum coccineum.

Description

Some members of the Chrysanthemum genus, such as the following two, are placed in the Tanacetum genus instead by some botanists. Both genera are members of the daisy (or aster) family, Asteraceae. They are all perennial plants with a daisy-like appearance and white petals.

Tanacetum cinerariifolium

T. cinerariifolium is called the Dalmatian chrysanthemum, denoting its origin in that region of the Balkans (Dalmatia). It looks more like the common daisy than other pyrethrums do. Its flowers, typically white with yellow centers, grow from numerous fairly rigid stems. Plants have blue-green leaves and grow to 45 to 100 cm in height. The plant is economically important as a natural source of insecticide. The flowers are pulverized and the active components, called pyrethrins, contained in the seed cases, are extracted and sold in the form of an oleoresin. This is applied as a suspension in water or oil, or as a powder. Pyrethrins attack the nervous systems of all insects, and inhibit female mosquitoes from biting. When present in amounts less than those fatal to insects, they still appear to have an insect repellent effect. They are harmful to fish, but are far less toxic to mammals and birds than many synthetic insecticides and are not persistent, being biodegradable and also decompose easily on exposure to light. They are considered to be amongst the safest insecticides for use around food. Kenya produced 90% (over 6,000 tonnes) of the world's pyrethrum in 1998, called py for short. Production in Tanzania and Ecuador is also significant. Currently the world's major producer is Tasmania, Australia.
Tanacetum coccineum

C. coccineum, the Persian chrysanthemum, is a perennial plant native to Caucasus and looks somewhat like a daisy. It produces large white, pink or red flowers. The leaves resemble those of ferns, and the plant grows to between 30 and 60 cm in height. The flowering period is June to July in temperate climates (Northern Hemisphere). C. coccineum also contains insecticidal pyrethrum substances, but it is a poor source compared to C. cinerariifolium.
Other species, such as C. balsamita and C. marshalli, also contain insecticidal substances, but are less effective than the two species mentioned above.

Tanacetum cinerariifolium

Insecticides

Sprays

Pyrethrum has been used for centuries as an insecticide,^[1] and as a lice remedy in the Middle East (Persian powder, also known as "Persian pellitory"). It was sold worldwide under the brand Zacherlin by Austrian industrialist J. Zacherl.^[2] It is one of the most commonly used non-synthetic insecticides allowed in certified organic agriculture.^[3]

The flowers should be dried and then crushed and mixed with water.

Pyrethroids are synthetic insecticides based on natural pyrethrum (pyrethrins); one common example is permethrin. A common formulation of pyrethrin is in preparations containing the synthetic chemical piperonyl butoxide: this has the effect of enhancing the toxicity to insects and speeding the effects when compared with pyrethrins used alone. These formulations are known as synergized pyrethrins.

Toxicity

Rat and rabbit LD₅₀ levels for pyrethrum are high (safe), with doses in some cases of about 1% of the animal's body weight required to cause significant mortality similar to levels in synthetic pyrethroids.^[4] Nevertheless, pyrethrum should be handled with the same caution as synthetic insecticides.^[5]

People can be exposed to pyrethrum as a mixture of cinerin, jasmolin, and pyrethrin in the workplace by breathing it in, getting it in the eyes or on the skin, or swallowing it. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit (Permissible exposure limit) for pyrethrum exposure in the workplace as 5 mg/m³ over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a Recommended exposure limit (REL) of 5 mg/m³ over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 5000 mg/m³, pyrethrum is immediately dangerous to life and health. People exposed to pyrethrum may experience symptoms including pruritus (itching), dermatitis, papules, erythema (red skin), rhinorrhea (runny nose), sneezing, and asthma.^[6]

Companion planting

Because chrysanthemums contain pyrethrums, they are used as companion plants to repel pest insects from nearby crops and ornamental plants.^[7] They are thought to repel aphids, bed bugs (Cimex lectularius), leafhoppers, spider mites, harlequin bugs, ticks, pickleworms, and imported cabbage worms, among others, in gardens and farms. For example, they are planted among broccoli plants for protection from several common insect pests.

Common names

Common names for Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium include:

Pyrethrum
Pyrethrum daisy
Dalmatian pyrethrum
Dalmatian chrysanthemum
Dalmatian insect flower
Dalmatian pellitory
Big daisy

Common names for Chrysanthemum coccineum include:

Pyrethrum
Pyrethrum daisy
Painted daisy
Persian chrysanthemum
Persian insect flower
Persian pellitory
Caucasian insect powder plant

References

^ Bioaromatica The history of pyrethrum
^ US patent 308172, Johann Zacherl, "Pyrethrum Soap", issued 1884-11-18
^ Some Pesticides Permitted in Organic Gardening, by Laura Pickett Pottorff, Colorado State University Cooperative Extension, January 5, 2010.
^ Pesticide Toxicity Profile: Synthetic Pyrethroid Pesticides, by Frederick M. Fisher, University of Florida IFAS Extension Service, 2013
^ insecticide (botanical, mineral, synthetic) toxicity to mammals Electronic Data Information Source of University of Florida
^ "CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Pyrethrum". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2015-10-23.
^ Riotte, Louise (1998). Carrots Love Tomatoes. North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing, LLC. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-58017-027-7.

External links

National Pesticide Information Center: Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids Fact Sheet
CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
EXTOXNET: Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids
"What is Pyrethrum?"
"International Center for Pyrethrum Research"

English Journal

Polyenylcyclopropane carboxylic esters with high insecticidal activity.

Ferroni C1, Bassetti L, Borzatta V, Capparella E, Gobbi C, Guerrini A, Varchi G.
Pest management science.Pest Manag Sci.2014 Jun 5. doi: 10.1002/ps.3842. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Pyrethroids are synthetic derivatives of naturally occurring pyrethrum. These molecules are widely used in agriculture for ant, flies and mosquito control and for lawn and garden care. Pyrethroids are the optically active esters of 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylpropenyl)-cyclopropane carboxyli
PMID 24899413

Good performances but short lasting efficacy of Actellic 50 EC Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) on malaria transmission in Benin, West Africa.

Aïkpon R1, Sèzonlin M, Tokponon F, Okè M, Oussou O, Oké-Agbo F, Beach R, Akogbéto M.
Parasites & vectors.Parasit Vectors.2014 May 30;7(1):256. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-256.
BACKGROUND: The National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) has been using pirimiphos methyl for the first time for indoor residual spraying (IRS) in Benin. The first round was a success with a significant decrease of entomological indicators of malaria transmission in the treated districts. We present
PMID 24886499

Dillapiol: a pyrethrum synergist for control of the Colorado potato beetle.

Liu SQ, Scott IM, Pelletier Y, Kramp K, Durst T, Sims SR, Arnason JT.
Journal of economic entomology.J Econ Entomol.2014 Apr;107(2):797-805.
Dillapiol, the main constituent in dill Anethum sowa Roxb. ex Fleming (Apiaceae) oil and wild pepper, Piper aduncum L. (Piperaceae), is an effective cytochrome P450 inhibitor similar to piperonylbutoxide (PBO). Laboratory and field trials with pyrethrum Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) vis. e
PMID 24772563

Biting by Anopheles funestus in broad daylight after use of long-lasting insecticidal nets: a new challenge to malaria elimination.

Sougoufara S, Diédhiou SM, Doucouré S, Diagne N, Sembène PM, Harry M, Trape JF, Sokhna C, Ndiath MO1.
Malaria journal.Malar J.2014 Mar 28;13:125. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-125.
BACKGROUND: Malaria control is mainly based on indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated bed nets. The efficacy of these tools depends on the behaviour of mosquitoes, which varies by species. With resistance to insecticides, mosquitoes adapt their behaviour to ensure their survival and reprod
PMID 24678587

Japanese Journal

シンポジア Ⅱ International Symposium on Pyrethrumを振り返って

日本農薬学会誌 = Japanese journal of pesticide science 41(2), 267-269, 2016-08
NAID 40020945578

II International Symposium on Pyrethrumを振り返って

日本農薬学会誌 41(2), 267-269, 2016
NAID 130005402044

Sitophilus granarius L. (Coleoptera) Toxicity and Biological Activities of the Essential Oils of Tanacetum macrophyllum (Waldst. & Kit.) Schultz Bip.

Journal of Oleo Science 64(8), 881-893, 2015
NAID 130005090063

Sitophilus granarius L. (Coleoptera) Toxicity and Biological Activities of the Essential Oils of Tanacetum macrophyllum (Waldst. & Kit.) Schultz Bip.

Journal of Oleo Science advpub(0), 2015
NAID 130005087978

Related Pictures

[1] Bioaromatica The history of pyrethrum

[US_Patent-2] US patent 308172, Johann Zacherl, "Pyrethrum Soap", issued 1884-11-18

[3] Some Pesticides Permitted in Organic Gardening, by Laura Pickett Pottorff, Colorado State University Cooperative Extension, January 5, 2010.

[4] Pesticide Toxicity Profile: Synthetic Pyrethroid Pesticides, by Frederick M. Fisher, University of Florida IFAS Extension Service, 2013

[5] secticide (botanical, mineral, synthetic) toxicity to mammals Electronic Data Information Source of University of Florida

[6] "CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Pyrethrum". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2015-10-23.

[7] Riotte, Louise (1998). Carrots Love Tomatoes. North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing, LLC. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-58017-027-7.

v t e Pest control: Insecticides

Carbamates	Aldicarb Bendiocarb Carbaryl Carbofuran Ethienocarb Fenobucarb Oxamyl Methomyl Propoxur

Inorganic compounds	Aluminium phosphide Boric acid Chromated copper arsenate Copper(II) arsenate Copper(I) cyanide Diatomaceous earth Lead hydrogen arsenate Paris Green Scheele's Green

Insect growth regulators	Benzoylureas Diflubenzuron Flufenoxuron Hydroprene Lufenuron Methoprene Pyriproxyfen

Neonicotinoids	Acetamiprid Clothianidin Dinotefuran Imidacloprid Nitenpyram Nithiazine Thiacloprid Thiamethoxam

Organochlorides	Aldrin Beta-HCH Carbon tetrachloride Chlordane Cyclodiene 1,2-DCB 1,4-DCB 1,1-DCE 1,2-DCE DDD DDE DDT Dicofol Dieldrin Endosulfan Endrin Heptachlor Kepone Lindane Methoxychlor Mirex Tetradifon Toxaphene

Organophosphorus	Acephate Azamethiphos Azinphos-methyl Bensulide Chlorethoxyfos Chlorfenvinphos Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos-methyl Coumaphos Demeton-S-methyl Diazinon Dicrotophos Diisopropyl fluorophosphate Dimethoate Dioxathion Disulfoton Ethion Ethoprop Fenamiphos Fenitrothion Fenthion Fosthiazate Isoxathion Malathion Methamidophos Methidathion Mevinphos Monocrotophos Naled Omethoate Oxydemeton-methyl Parathion Parathion-methyl Phenthoate Phorate Phosalone Phosmet Phoxim Pirimiphos-methyl Quinalphos Temefos Tebupirimfos Terbufos Tetrachlorvinphos Tribufos Trichlorfon

Pyrethroids	Acrinathrin Allethrins Bifenthrin Bioallethrin Cyfluthrin Cyhalothrin Cypermethrin Cyphenothrin Deltamethrin Empenthrin Esfenvalerate Etofenprox Fenpropathrin Fenvalerate Flumethrin Imiprothrin Metofluthrin Permethrin Phenothrin Prallethrin Pyrethrin (I, II; chrysanthemic acid) Pyrethrum Resmethrin Silafluofen Tefluthrin Tetramethrin Tralomethrin Transfluthrin

Ryanoids	Chlorantraniliprole Cyantraniliprole Flubendiamide Ryanodine Ryanodol

Other chemicals	Afoxolaner Amitraz Azadirachtin Buprofezin Chlordimeform Chlorfenapyr Cyromazine Fenazaquin Fenoxycarb Fipronil Fluralaner Hydramethylnon Indoxacarb Limonene Lotilaner Pyridaben Pyriprole Ryanodine Sarolaner Sesamex Spinosad Sulfluramid Tebufenozide Tebufenpyrad Veracevine Xanthone Metaflumizone

Metabolites	Oxon Malaoxon Paraoxon TCPy

Biopesticides	Bacillus thuringiensis Baculovirus Beauveria bassiana Beauveria brongniartii Metarhizium acridum Metarhizium anisopliae Nomuraea rileyi Lecanicillium lecanii Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Paenibacillus popilliae Purpureocillium lilacinum

匿名

検索

案内

案内