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関: pruning

WordNet

dried plum
a long-handled pruning saw with a curved blade at the end and sometimes a clipper; used to prune small trees (同)pruning hook, lopper
a worker who thins out and trims trees and shrubs; "untouched by the pruners axe" (同)trimmer
moist cake containing prunes that have been made into a puree
dessert made of prune puree and whipped cream
the act of trimming a plant
something that has been pruned off of a plant

PrepTutorEJDIC

(草木から)…‘を'切り取る / 〈草木〉‘を'刈り込む / (不要なものを)…‘から'除く
干しスモモ / 《英話》間抜け
(庭木などの)刈り込み,剪定(せんてい),枝打ち

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/01 15:25:40」(JST)

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Fresh prunes (Prunus domestica)

Dried prune

A prune is a dried plum of any cultivar,^[1] mostly Prunus domestica or European Plum. The use of the term for fresh fruit is obsolete except when applied to varieties grown for drying.^[1]

Most dried prunes are freestone cultivars (the pit is easy to remove), whereas most other plums grown for fresh consumption are clingstone (the pit is more difficult to remove).

Production

More than 1,000 plum cultivars are grown for drying. The main cultivar grown in the United States is the Improved French prune. Other varieties include Sutter, Tulare Giant, Moyer, Imperial, Italian, and Greengage. Fresh prunes reach the market earlier than fresh plums and are usually smaller in size.

Name

The Frederick Post of Frederick, Maryland, US reported on 2 February 2001 that plum growers had been authorised by the government to call prunes "dried plums". Due to the popular U.S. perception of prunes being used only for relief of constipation, and being the subject of related joking, many distributors stopped using the word "prune" on packaging labels in favour of "dried plums".^[2]

The European Food Safety Authority reviewed the evidence, and concluded that it did not establish that maintenance of normal bowel function could be claimed to be due to eating prunes.

Uses

Chocolate-covered prunes

Prunes are used in cooking both sweet and savory dishes. Stewed prunes, a compote, are a dessert. Prunes are a frequent ingredient in North African tagines. Perhaps the best-known gastronomic prunes are those of Agen (pruneaux d'Agen). Prunes are used frequently in Tzimmes, a traditional Jewish dish in which the principal ingredient is diced or sliced carrots; in the Nordic prune kisel, eaten with rice pudding in the Christmas dinner; and in the traditional Norwegian dessert fruit soup. Prunes have also been included in other holiday dishes, such as stuffing, cake, and to make sugar plums. Prune-filled Danish pastries are popular primarily in New York and other parts of the U.S. East Coast. Prune ice cream is popular in the Dominican Republic.^[3] Chocolate-covered prunes are a traditional confectionery in Eastern Europe. Prunes are also used to make juice and kompot (uzvar), a traditional drink in Central, Eastern and Southern Europe.^[4] In the Cotswolds, prunes were fermented to form a cider-like drink called jerkum. Due to the high sugar content of prunes, it was considered particularly potent as compared to contemporary ciders and beers.

Health effects

Benefits

Prunes and their juice contain mild laxatives including phenolic compounds (mainly as neochlorogenic acids and chlorogenic acids) and sorbitol.^[5] Prunes also contain dietary fiber (about 7%, or 0.07 g per gram of prune). Prunes and prune juice are thus common home remedies for constipation, but a 2010 review (by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) found that the evidence was "insufficient to establish a cause and effect relationship between the consumption of dried plums of "prune" cultivars (Prunus domestica L.) and maintenance of normal bowel function".^[6] Prunes also have a high antioxidant content.^[7] A 2012 review by the same body, however, reversed this decision and proposed that prunes did effectively contribute to the restoration of normal bowel function in the general population if consumed in quantities of at least 100g per day (approximately 3-4oz).

Disadvantages

Dried prunes have been found to contain "surprising" amounts of acrylamide, a known neurotoxin and a probable carcinogen.^[8] Acrylamide does not occur naturally in foods but is formed during the cooking process at temperatures in excess of 100 °C. Although the common drying mechanism of prunes does not involve high temperatures, formation of high amounts of acrylamide has been reported in dried prunes as well as pears.

Although acrylamide has known toxic effects on the nervous system and on fertility, a June 2002 report by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization concluded the intake level required to observe neuropathy (0.5 mg/kg body weight/day) was 500 times higher than the average dietary intake of acrylamide (1 μg/kg body weight/day). For effects on fertility, the level is 2,000 times higher than the average intake.^[9] From this, they concluded acrylamide levels in food were safe in terms of neuropathy, but raised concerns over human carcinogenicity based on known carcinogenicity in laboratory animals.^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b "prune". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Janick, Jules and Robert E. Paull (2008). The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts. CABI. ISBN 0-85199-638-8. p. 696.
^ Bhanwar Lal Jat; Rajesh K. Yadav; Deepmala Verma; Urmila Chaudhary; Rajnee; Manisha Mavai; Raaz K. Maheshwari. "Biomedicinal Sovereignty of Prunes for Gastrointestinal Ailments Rehabilitation" (PDF). International Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Medicines 2 (2): 161–166.
^ Kompot (uzvar) recipe. Enjoyyourcooking.com
^ Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M; Bowen, PE; Hussain, EA; Damayanti-Wood, BI; Farnsworth, NR (2001). "Chemical composition and potential health effects of prunes: a functional food?". Critical reviews in food science and nutrition 41 (4): 251–86. doi:10.1080/20014091091814. PMID 11401245.
^ Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to dried plums of ‘prune’ cultivars (Prunus domestica L.) and maintenance of normal bowel function (ID 1164) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, EFSA Journal 2010; 8(2):1486 [14 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1486
^ "USDA Database for the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) of Selected Foods, Release 2" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. May 2010. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
^ Acrylamide in dried Fruits ETH Life (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich)
^ ^a ^b FAO/WHO Consultation on the Health Implications of Acrylamide in Food; Geneva, 25–27 June 2002, Summary Report. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2012-06-11.

External links

INC, International Nut and Dried Fruit Council Foundation
California Prune Board

UpToDate Contents

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1. 幼児および小児における急性便秘の予防および治療 prevention and treatment of acute constipation in infants and children
2. プルーンベリー症候群 prune belly syndrome
3. 先天性腎尿路異常（CAKUT）の評価 evaluation of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract cakut
4. 乳児期における固形食の導入およびビタミン並びにミネラルの補給 introducing solid foods and vitamin and mineral supplementation during infancy
5. 小児における鼡径ヘルニアの概要 overview of inguinal hernia in children

English Journal

Automated generation of directed graphs from vascular segmentations.

Chapman BE1, Berty HP2, Schulthies SL3.
Journal of biomedical informatics.J Biomed Inform.2015 Jul 9. pii: S1532-0464(15)00142-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2015.07.002. [Epub ahead of print]
Automated feature extraction from medical images is an important task in imaging informatics. We describe a graph-based technique for automatically identifying vascular substructures within a vascular tree segmentation. We illustrate our technique using vascular segmentations from computed tomograph
PMID 26165778

Protocadherin-dependent dendritic self-avoidance regulates neural connectivity and circuit function.

Kostadinov D1, Sanes JR1.
eLife.Elife.2015 Jul 3;4. doi: 10.7554/eLife.08964. [Epub ahead of print]
Dendritic and axonal arbors of many neuronal types exhibit self-avoidance, in which branches repel each other. In some cases, these neurites interact with those of neighboring neurons, a phenomenon called self/non-self discrimination. The functional roles of these processes remain unknown. Here, we
PMID 26140686

Tanshinone IIA Rescued the Impairments of Primary Hippocampal Neurons Induced by BV2 Microglial Over-Activation.

Wang Y1, Yang L, Yang D.
Neurochemical research.Neurochem Res.2015 Jul;40(7):1497-508. doi: 10.1007/s11064-015-1624-z. Epub 2015 May 27.
Activated microglia plays an important role in monitoring the microenvironment and prune neural process in healthy neural tissue, in order to maintain synaptic homeostasis. However, hyperactive microglia may release various cytotoxic factors and induce neuroinflammation, which cause neuronal damages
PMID 26012368

Urachal bladder in kidney transplanted patient with Prune Belly syndrome and patent urachus.

Sánchez Aguilar M1, García Gómez FJ2, Cuenca Cuenca JI2, Tirado Hospital JL2, de la Cerda Ojeda F3, Sánchez Moreno A3.
Revista española de medicina nuclear e imagen molecular.Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol.2015 Jul-Aug;34(4):270-1. doi: 10.1016/j.remn.2015.01.001. Epub 2015 Feb 26.
PMID 25733182

Japanese Journal

L'exile de l'imaginaire amoureux, son corps et son univers: La Troisieme jeunesse de Madame Prune de Pierre Loti (言語とイメージ(4))

Endo Fumihiko
福岡大学研究部論集. A, 人文科学編 11(1), 37-44, 2011-04
NAID 110008425896

多様体学習による水滴系カオスの解析

末谷大道,黒岩宏紀,秦浩起,赤穂昭太郎
電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. NLP, 非線形問題 110(465), 57-62, 2011-03-03
我々に身近な水滴はカオスを含む多様な非線形現象を生み出す.その本質的な力学構造は落下間隔の時系列の中に含まれているが,再帰プロットではしばしば多価的な関数関係が見られ決定論的力学系として理解することが困難なことがある.本研究では,遅れ時間座標系によって埋め込んだ水滴間隔データに対して多様体学習の一つであるISOMAPを用いて解析する.その際,RANSAC的なアプローチを採用して近傍グラフの余分な枝 …
NAID 110008689641

Symmetry Breaking by Dominance Detection in Distributed Environments

Xavier Olive,Hiroshi Nakashima
情報処理学会研究報告. AL, アルゴリズム研究会報告 2011-AL-134(23), 1-8, 2011-02-28
… It exploits previous results of symmetry propagation in distributed environments and proves that propagating partial symmetry information together with backtrack messages of a distributed Branch & Bound is sufficient to prune the search tree. …
NAID 110008583098

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「prune belly syndrome」

Plums, dried (prunes), uncooked
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	1,006 kJ (240 kcal)
Carbohydrates	63.88 g
Sugars	38.13 g
Dietary fiber	7.1 g
Fat	0.38 g
Protein	2.18 g
Vitamins
Vitamin A equiv. beta-carotene lutein zeaxanthin	(5%) 39 μg (4%) 394 μg 148 μg
Thiamine (B1)	(4%) 0.051 mg
Riboflavin (B2)	(16%) 0.186 mg
Niacin (B3)	(13%) 1.882 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)	(8%) 0.422 mg
Vitamin B6	(16%) 0.205 mg
Folate (B9)	(1%) 4 μg
Choline	(2%) 10.1 mg
Vitamin C	(1%) 0.6 mg
Vitamin E	(3%) 0.43 mg
Vitamin K	(57%) 59.5 μg
Minerals
Calcium	(4%) 43 mg
Iron	(7%) 0.93 mg
Magnesium	(12%) 41 mg
Manganese	(14%) 0.299 mg
Phosphorus	(10%) 69 mg
Potassium	(16%) 732 mg
Sodium	(0%) 2 mg
Zinc	(5%) 0.44 mg
Other constituents
Fluoride	4 µg
	Link to USDA Database entry
	Units; μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams; IU = International units;
	Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.; Source: USDA Nutrient Database

　　[★]

プルーンベリー症候群

「pruning」

　　[★]

n.

刈り込み、枝打ち、剪定

関: prune

[oed-1] "prune". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[2] Janick, Jules and Robert E. Paull (2008). The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts. CABI. ISBN 0-85199-638-8. p. 696.

[3] Bhanwar Lal Jat; Rajesh K. Yadav; Deepmala Verma; Urmila Chaudhary; Rajnee; Manisha Mavai; Raaz K. Maheshwari. "Biomedicinal Sovereignty of Prunes for Gastrointestinal Ailments Rehabilitation" (PDF). International Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Medicines 2 (2): 161–166.

[4] Kompot (uzvar) recipe. Enjoyyourcooking.com

[5] Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M; Bowen, PE; Hussain, EA; Damayanti-Wood, BI; Farnsworth, NR (2001). "Chemical composition and potential health effects of prunes: a functional food?". Critical reviews in food science and nutrition 41 (4): 251–86. doi:10.1080/20014091091814. PMID 11401245.

[6] Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to dried plums of ‘prune’ cultivars (Prunus domestica L.) and maintenance of normal bowel function (ID 1164) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, EFSA Journal 2010; 8(2):1486 [14 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1486

[7] "USDA Database for the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) of Selected Foods, Release 2" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. May 2010. Retrieved 2013-04-13.

[ETH-8] Acrylamide in dried Fruits ETH Life (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich)

[who-fao-9] FAO/WHO Consultation on the Health Implications of Acrylamide in Food; Geneva, 25–27 June 2002, Summary Report. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2012-06-11.

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prune