WordNet

very close in space or time; "proximate words"; "proximate houses"
closest in degree or order (space or time) especially in a chain of causes and effects; "news of his proximate arrival"; "interest in proximate rather than ultimate goals"
used of hair or haircuts; "a close military haircut"
finish a game in baseball by protecting a lead; "The relief pitcher closed with two runs in the second inning"
inclined to secrecy or reticence about divulging information; "although they knew her whereabouts her friends kept close about it" (同)closelipped, closemouthed, secretive, tightlipped
in an attentive manner; "he remained close on his guard" (同)closely, tight
come together, as if in an embrace; "Her arms closed around her long lost relative" (同)come_together
crowded; "close quarters" (同)confining
marked by fidelity to an original; "a close translation"; "a faithful copy of the portrait"; "a faithful rendering of the observed facts" (同)faithful
fill or stop up; "Can you close the cracks with caulking?" (同)fill_up
become closed; "The windows closed with a loud bang" (同)shut
move so that an opening or passage is obstructed; make shut; "Close the door"; "shut the window" (同)shut
fitting closely but comfortably; "a close fit" (同)snug, close-fitting
(of a contest or contestants) evenly matched; "a close contest"; "a close election"; "a tight game" (同)tight
of textiles; "a close weave"; "smooth percale with a very tight weave" (同)tight
at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other; "close to noon"; "how close are we to town?"; "a close formation of ships"
bar access to; "Due to the accident, the road had to be closed for several hours"
be priced or listed when trading stops; "The stock market closed high this Friday"; "My new stocks closed at $59 last night"
bring together all the elements or parts of; "Management closed ranks"
cause a window or an application to disappear on a computer desktop
change ones body stance so that the forward shoulder and foot are closer to the intended point of impact
close in relevance or relationship; "a close family"; "we are all...in close sympathy with..."; "close kin"; "a close resemblance"
complete a business deal, negotiation, or an agreement; "We closed on the house on Friday"; "They closed the deal on the building"
confined to specific persons; "a close secret"
draw near; "The probe closed with the space station"
engage at close quarters; "close with the enemy"
finish or terminate (meetings, speeches, etc.); "The meeting was closed with a charge by the chairman of the board"
rigorously attentive; strict and thorough; "close supervision"; "paid close attention"; "a close study"; "kept a close watch on expenditures"
strictly confined or guarded; "kept under close custody"
near or close to but not necessarily touching; "lands adjacent to the mountains"; "New York and adjacent cities"
having a common boundary or edge; abutting; touching; "Rhode Island has two bordering states; Massachusetts and Conncecticut"; "the side of Germany conterminous with France"; "Utah and the contiguous state of Idaho"; "neighboring cities" (同)conterminous, contiguous, neighboring
nearest in space or position; immediately adjoining without intervening space; "had adjacent rooms"; "in the next room"; "the person sitting next to me"; "our rooms were side by side" (同)next, side_by_side
the property of being close together (同)propinquity
a Gestalt principle of organization holding that (other things being equal) objects or events that are near to one another (in space or time) are perceived as belonging together as a unit (同)law of proximity
the region close around a person or thing
very close or connected in space or time; "contiguous events"; "immediate contact"; "the immediate vicinity"; "the immediate past" (同)immediate
the act of positioning close together (or side by side); "it is the result of the juxtaposition of contrasting colors" (同)apposition, collocation
a side-by-side position
very close in resemblance; "sketched in an approximate likeness"; "a near likeness" (同)near
not quite exact or correct; "the approximate time was 10 oclock"; "a rough guess"; "a ballpark estimate" (同)approximative, rough
located close together; "with heads close together"; "approximate leaves grow together but are not united" (同)close together
be close or similar; "Her results approximate my own" (同)come_close
(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct; "lasted approximately an hour"; "in just about a minute"; "hes about 30 years old"; "Ive had about all I can stand"; "we meet about once a month"; "some forty people came"; "weighs around a hundred pounds"; "roughly $3,000"; "holds 3 gallons, more or less"; "20 or so people were at the party" (同)about, close_to, just about, some, roughly, more or less, around, or so
near to the scope or range of something; "his answer wasnt even in the right ballpark" (同)ballpark

PrepTutorEJDIC

(時間・順序・血族などが)最も近い,直接の;(…の)直前(直後)の《+『to』+『名』》
…'を'『閉じる』,閉める(shut) / …'を'ふさぐ(fill) / 〈事務・仕事・話など〉'を'『終える』,済ませる / 〈通路・施設など〉'を'一時的に閉じる,‘の'使用を一時中止する / (一つにまとまるように)…'を'つめる / 〈ドア・目・花などが〉『閉じる』,閉まる;ふさがる / 〈話・相談・契約などが〉『終る』,終了する,〈店などが〉終業(休業)する / くっつく,接近する(come together) / 終結,結末,終り(end) / 締め切り / (音楽の)終止
(距離・時間・関係が)『近い』,接近している・《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『親密な』,親しい・ぎっしり詰まった,密集した;目のつんだ,きめの細かい・綿密な,厳重な(strict) ・息がつまる,重苦しい(stuffy) / 厳重に隠された,秘密の / ほとんど同等の,匹敵する・《補語にのみ用いて》(金銭が)乏しい;(…に)けちな(stingy)《+『with』+『名』》・(音声が)閉鎖音の(舌を口蓋(こうがい)に近づけて発音する) / (…に)『近接して』,(…の)すぐそば(近く)に;(…に)ぴったりくっついて《+『to(behind, by)』+『名』》 / きっちりと;ぎっしりと・(大寺院の)囲い地;(学校の)構内,校庭・《英》袋小路
《文》近接の,隣接している;(…に)すぐ近くの《+『to』+『名』》
(場所・時間・血族関係など)(…に)近いこと,近接《+『to』+『名』》
接触している,隣接する;(…と)隣接している《+『to』(『with』)+『名』》 / (時間的に)前後している
並置,並列
(数量の点で)『近似の』・おおよその / 《『approximate to』+『名』》(…に)『近い』,ほぼ等しい / (ある状態・量・額などの点で)…‘に'『近づく』,接近する / (…の額に)…'を'概算する,見積もる《+『名』+『at』+『名』》
おおよそ,だいたい(nearly)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/05/23 22:17:55」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Proximates are used in the analysis of biological materials as a decomposition of a human-consumable good into its major constituents. They are a good approximation of the contents of packaged comestible goods and serve as a cheap and easy verification of nutritional panels i.e. testing can be used to verify lots, but can not be used to validate a food processor or food processing facility: a nutritional assay must be conducted on the product to qualify said producers. Nutritional panels in the United States are regulated by the FDA and must undergo rigorous testing to ensure the exact and precise content of nutrients in order to prevent a food processor from making unfounded claims to the public.^{[FDA 1]}

From an industry standard proximates include five constituents:^[1]^[2]^[3]

Ash
Moisture
Proteins
Fat
Carbohydrates (Calculation)

Analytically, four of the five constituents are obtained via chemical reactions and experiments. The fifth constituent, carbohydrates, is a calculation based on the determination of the four others. Proximates should nearly always add up to 100%, any deviation from 100% displays the resolution of the chemical test i.e. small variations in the way each test is performed chemist to chemist will accumulate or overlap the composition make-up.

There are additional ingredients that may fall under the category of one of the five constituents. Carbohydrates for example include but are not limited to:

Dietary Fibers
Sugars
Sugar Alcohol

Whereas Ash includes but is not limited to:

Dietary Minerals (Sodium, Potassium, Iron, Calcium)
Vitamins (β-Carotene, Retinol, Vitamin D₃ Vitamin D₂, B Vitamins)

Although proximates do not give the entire nutritional assay, they are an inexpensive way to track deviations from the quality of foods.

References

^ "Labeling & Nutrition". Guidance for Industry: A Food Labeling Guide (7. Nutrition Labeling; Questions G1 through P8).

^ "Silliker Labs". Food Quality.
^ "Covance". Proximate.
^ "Eurofins". Proximate Testing.

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English Journal

Effect of cream fermentation on microbiological, physicochemical and rheological properties of L. helveticus-butter.

Ewe JA1, Loo SY2.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Jun 15;201:29-36. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.01.049. Epub 2016 Jan 13.
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical and rheological properties of butter produced by Lactobacillus helveticus fermented cream. The incorporation of putative probiotic - the L. helveticus, to ferment cream prior to butter production was anticipated to alter the nut
PMID 26868544

Nutritional improvement of corn pasta-like product with broad bean (Vicia faba) and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa).

Giménez MA1, Drago SR2, Bassett MN3, Lobo MO1, Sammán NC4.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 May 15;199:150-6. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.065. Epub 2015 Dec 2.
In this study, the nutritional quality of pasta-like product (spaghetti-type), made with corn (Zea mays) flour enriched with 30% broad bean (Vicia faba) flour and 20% of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) flour, was determined. Proximate chemical composition and iron, zinc and dietary fiber were determined
PMID 26775956

Nutrient composition and antioxidant activity of gonads of sea urchin Stomopneustes variolaris.

Archana A1, Babu KR2.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Apr 15;197(Pt A):597-602. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.003. Epub 2015 Nov 2.
The study investigated, for the first time, proximate nutritional composition and antioxidant activity of gonads from the sea urchin, Stomopneustes variolaris, inhabiting the coastal area of Visakhapatnam (India). Moisture, ash, proteins, lipids and carbohydrate content were 77.53%±0.80, 3.76%±0.2
PMID 26616993

Variation in chemical composition and physical characteristics of cereal grains from different genotypes.

Rodehutscord M1, Rückert C1, Maurer HP2, Schenkel H3, Schipprack W4, Bach Knudsen KE5, Schollenberger M1, Laux M1, Eklund M1, Siegert W1, Mosenthin R1.
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Genotypes of cereal grains, including winter barley (n = 21), maize (n = 27), oats (n = 14), winter rye (n = 22), winter triticale (n = 21) and winter wheat (n = 29), were assayed for their chemical composition and physical characteristics as part of the collaborative research project re
PMID 26829392

Japanese Journal

粒子の自律性と相互作用に基づくセルオートマトンPSOの提案

古田均,中津功一朗,石橋健
情報処理学会論文誌 55(4), 1378-1388, 2014-04-15
本研究の目的は現実問題の最適化に対する実用的な手法を開発することである.応用における使いやすさと拡張性は最適化手法の実用性を高めるために重要である.本論文は,粒子群最適化(Particle Swarm Optimization: PSO)に対して,解探索における収束性能の問題点を解決し,実問題に対するメタヒューリスティクスとしての有効性を高めるために,セルオートマトン(Cellular Autom …
NAID 110009752449