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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/05/10 14:34:31」(JST)

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Auxotrophy (Gr. αὐξάνω "to increase"; τροφή "nourishment") is the inability of an organism to synthesize a particular organic compound required for its growth (as defined by IUPAC). An auxotroph is an organism that displays this characteristic; auxotrophic is the corresponding adjective. Auxotrophy is the opposite of prototrophy, which is characterized by the ability to synthesize all the compounds needed for growth.

The method of replica plating implemented by Esther Lederberg included auxotrophs that were temperature-sensitive; that is, their ability to synthesize was temperature-dependent. (Auxotrophs are usually not temperature-dependent. They can also depend on other factors.) Multiple auxotrophs can also coexist at the same time, within the same organism.

In genetics, a strain is said to be auxotrophic if it carries a mutation that renders it unable to synthesize an essential compound. For example, a yeast mutant with an inactivated uracil synthesis pathway gene is a uracil auxotroph. (E.g., if the yeast Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase gene is inactivated, the resultant strain is a uracil auxotroph.) Such a strain is unable to synthesize uracil and will only be able to grow if uracil can be taken up from the environment. This is the opposite of a uracil prototroph, or in this case a wild-type strain, which can still grow in the absence of uracil. Auxotrophic genetic markers are often used in molecular genetics; they were famously used in Beadle and Tatum's Nobel prize-winning work on the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis.

Researchers have used strains of E. coli auxotrophic for specific amino acids to introduce non-natural amino acid analogues into proteins. For instance cells auxotrophic for the amino acid phenylalanine can be grown in media supplemented with an analogue such as para-azido phenylalanine.

Many living things, including humans, are auxotrophic for large classes of compounds required for growth and must obtain these compounds through diet (see vitamin, essential nutrient, essential amino acid, essential fatty acid).

The complex pattern of evolution of vitamin auxotrophy across the eukaryotic tree of life is intimately connected with the interdependence between organisms.

Footnotes

See also

• Autotroph
• Bradytroph

External links

• "Regulation of endosomal clathrin and retromer-mediated endosome to Golgi retrograde transport by the J-domain protein RME-8" - The EMBO Journal
• "Pleiotropic effects of purine auxotrophy inRhizobium meliloti on cell surface molecules" - Springerlink
• "Auxotrophy and Organic Compounds in the Nutrition of Marine Phytoplankton"

English Journal

• Proteorhodopsin light-enhanced growth linked to vitamin-B1 acquisition in marine Flavobacteria.

• Gómez-Consarnau L1, González JM2, Riedel T3, Jaenicke S4, Wagner-Döbler I5, Sañudo-Wilhelmy SA1, Fuhrman JA1.
• The ISME journal.ISME J.2016 May;10(5):1102-12. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2015.196. Epub 2015 Nov 17.
• Proteorhodopsins (PR) are light-driven proton pumps widely distributed in bacterioplankton. Although they have been thoroughly studied for more than a decade, it is still unclear how the proton motive force (pmf) generated by PR is used in most organisms. Notably, very few PR-containing bacteria sho
• PMID 26574687

• The Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus halodurans Aspartyl-tRNA Synthetases Retain Recognition of tRNA(Asn).

• Nair N1, Raff H1, Islam MT1, Feen M1, Garofalo DM1, Sheppard K2.
• Journal of molecular biology.J Mol Biol.2016 Feb 13;428(3):618-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.01.014. Epub 2016 Jan 21.
• Synthesis of asparaginyl-tRNA (Asn-tRNA(Asn)) in bacteria can be formed either by directly ligating Asn to tRNA(Asn) using an asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase (AsnRS) or by synthesizing Asn on the tRNA. In the latter two-step indirect pathway, a non-discriminating aspartyl-tRNA synthetase (ND-AspRS) atta
• PMID 26804570

• Enhancement of yellow pigment production by intraspecific protoplast fusion of Monascus spp. yellow mutant (ade(-)) and white mutant (prototroph).

• Klinsupa W1, Phansiri S2, Thongpradis P3, Yongsmith B3, Pothiratana C4.
• Journal of biotechnology.J Biotechnol.2016 Jan 10;217:62-71. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.11.002. Epub 2015 Nov 10.
• To breed industrially useful strains of a slow-growing, yellow pigment producing strain of Monascus sp., protoplasts of Monascus purpureus yellow mutant (ade(-)) and rapid-growing M. purpureus white mutant (prototroph) were fused and fusants were selected on minimal medium (MM). Preliminary conventi
• PMID 26562446

Japanese Journal

• グルコースとアンモニアとの室温における非酵素的反応 : その反応の生理的意味

• 菅田 恵子
• 北陸学院短期大学紀要 27, 107-126, 1995-12-28
• … B) In vivo experiments 1) Effect of NR compound on bacteria : NR compound did not affect the growth rate of Excherichia coli K12, strain W3110 (prototroph, λ^-, F^-) and W4627 (F^-, trpB^-, lac^-, Sm^r). …
• NAID 110000990129

• 生命論・有機体論に基づく発達理解 : 施設養育環境を展望するために

• 金子 龍太郎
• 北陸学院短期大学紀要 27, 41-55, 1995-12-28
• … B) In vivo experiments 1) Effect of NR compound on bacteria : NR compound did not affect the growth rate of Excherichia coli K12, strain W3110 (prototroph, λ^-, F^-) and W4627 (F^-, trpB^-, lac^-, Sm^r). …
• NAID 110000990125

• 179. 呼吸欠損酵母とプロトトロフ株とのRare-matingによる交雑株の造成

• 中富 康夫,増田 佳史
• 日本生物工学会大会講演要旨集 平成4年度, 43, 1992-10-10
• NAID 110002923905

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