関: protonephridia

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/12/19 22:57:30」(JST)

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A nephridium (plural nephridia) is an invertebrate organ which occurs in pairs and function similar to kidneys. Nephridia remove metabolic wastes from an animal's body. They are present in many different invertebrate lines. There are two basic types, metanephridia and protonephridia, but there are other types.

Metanephridia

A metanephridium ('meta' = after)(pl. metanephridia) is a type of excretory gland or nephridium found in many types of invertebrates such as annelids, arthropods and molluscs. (In mollusks it is known as the Bojanus organ).

A metanephridium typically consists of a ciliated funnel opening into the body cavity or coelom connected to a duct which may be variously glandularized, folded or expanded (vesiculate) and which typically opens to the organism's exterior. These ciliated tubules pump water carrying surplus ions, metabolic waste, toxins from food, and useless hormones out of the organism through openings known as nephrostomes. This waste is passed out of the body at the nephridiopore. The primary urine produced by filtration of blood (or a similar functioning fluid) is modified into secondary urine through selective reabsorption by the cells lining the metanephridium.

In many earthworms the nephridial ducts open into the digestive tract instead, a condition known as enteronephry.

Protonephridia

A protonephridium ('proto' = first) is a network of dead-end tubules lacking internal openings found in the phyla Platyhelminthes, Nemertea and Rotifera. The ends are called flame cells (if cilliated) or solenocytes (if flagellated); they function in osmoregulation and ionoregulation. The terminal cells are located at the blind end of the protonephridium. Each cell has one or more cilia and their beating inside the protonephridial tube creates an outward going current and hence a partial pressurization in the blind of the tube. Because of this, pressurization drives waste fluids from the inside of the animal, and they are pulled through small perforations in the terminal cells and into the protonephridium. The perforations in the terminal cell are large enough for small molecules to pass, but larger proteins are retained within the animal. From the bottom of the protonephridium the solutes are led through the tube, formed by the canal cells, and exits the animal from a small opening formed by the nephridiopore. Selective reabsorption of useful molecules by the canal cells occurs as the solutes pass down the tubule. Protonephridia are generally found in basal organisms such as flatworms. Protonephridia likely first arose as a way to cope with a hypotonic environment by removing excess water from the organism (osmoregulation). Their use as excretory/ionoregulatory structures likely arose secondarily.

References

External links

http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zool250/animations/Excretion.swf
Baeumler N., Haszprunar G. & Ruthensteiner B. (2012). "Development of the excretory system in a polyplacophoran mollusc: stages in metanephridial system development". Frontiers in Zoology 9: 23. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-9-23.

English Journal

At the limits of a successful body plan - 3D microanatomy, histology and evolution of Helminthope (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Rhodopemorpha), the most worm-like gastropod.

Brenzinger B1, Haszprunar G, Schrödl M.
Frontiers in zoology.Front Zool.2013 Jun 28;10(1):37. doi: 10.1186/1742-9994-10-37.
BACKGROUND: Gastropods are among the most diverse animal clades, and have successfully colonized special habitats such as the marine sand interstitial. Specialized meiofaunal snails and slugs are tiny and worm-shaped. They combine regressive features - argued to be due to progenetic tendencies - wit
PMID 23809165

Brachyury, Tbx2/3 and sall expression during embryogenesis of the indirectly developing polychaete Hydroides elegans.

Arenas-Mena C1.
The International journal of developmental biology.Int J Dev Biol.2013;57(1):73-83. doi: 10.1387/ijdb.120056ca.
Expression of the transcription factor genes brachyury, Tbx2/3 and sall is characterized in detail for the first time in an indirectly developing spiralian with a feeding trochophore. In Hydroides elegans, gut formation proceeds by invagination during embryogenesis and is followed by feeding-depende
PMID 23585355

Microanatomy of the trophosome region of Paracatenula cf. polyhymnia (Catenulida, Platyhelminthes) and its intracellular symbionts.

Leisch N, Dirks U, Gruber-Vodicka HR, Schmid M, Sterrer W, Ott JA.
Zoomorphology.Zoomorphology.2011 Dec;130(4):261-271. Epub 2011 Sep 14.
Marine catenulid platyhelminths of the genus Paracatenula lack mouth, pharynx and gut. They live in a symbiosis with intracellular bacteria which are restricted to the body region posterior to the brain. The symbiont-housing cells (bacteriocytes) collectively form the trophosome tissue, which functi
PMID 22131640