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- protocerebral
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/08/01 16:08:25」(JST)
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The supraesophageal ganglion ("arthropod brain" or "a. microbrain"[1]) is the first part of the arthropod and especially insect central nervous system. It receives and processes information from the first, second, and third metameres. The supraesophageal ganglion lies dorsal to the esophagus and consists of three parts, each a pair of ganglia that may be more or less pronounced, reduced, or fused depending on the genus (biology):
- The protocerebrum, associated with the eyes (compound eyes and ocelli).[2] Directly associated with the eyes is the optic lobe, as the visual center of the brain.
- The deutocerebrum processes sensory information from the antennae.[2][3] It consists of two parts, the antennal lobe that receives axons of olfactory receptor neurons from the antenna and the dorsal lobe that receives mechanosensory and gustatory receptor neurons from the antenna.[3][4][5] The dorsal lobe also contains motor neurons which controls the antennal muscles.[6] Chelicerata with their missing antennae have a very reduced (or absent) deutocerebrum.
- The tritocerebrum integrates sensory inputs from the previous two pairs of ganglia.[2] The lobes of the tritocerebrum split to circumvent the esophagus and begin the subesophageal ganglion.
Supraesophageal ganglion(5), Subesophageal ganglion(31)
The subesophageal ganglion continues the nervous system and lies ventral to the esophagus. Finally, the segmental ganglia of the ventral nerve cord are found in each body segment as a fused ganglion and they provide the segments with some autonomous control.
References
- ^ Makoto Mizunami, Fumio Yokohari, Masakazu Takahata. "Exploration into the Adaptive Design of the Arthropod "Microbrain"". Zoological Science. Zoological Society of Japan. 16 (5): 703–709. doi:10.2108/zsj.16.703.
- ^ a b c Meyer, John R. "The Nervous System". General Entomology course at North Carolina State University. Department of Entomology NC State University. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
- ^ a b Homberg, U; Christensen, T A; Hildebrand, J G. "Structure and Function of the Deutocerebrum in Insects". Annual Review of Entomology. pp. 477–501. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.34.010189.002401.
- ^ "Invertebrate Brain Platform". RIKEN BSI Neuroinformatics Japan Center.
- ^ "Deutocerebrum". Flybrain.
- ^ "Deutocerebrum". Invertebrate Brain Platform.
Further reading
- Erber, J.; Menzel, R. (1977). "Visual interneurons in the median protocerebrum of the bee". Journal of Comparative Physiology. 121 (1): 65–77. doi:10.1007/bf00614181.
- Wong, Allan M., Jing W. Wang, and Richard Axel (2002). "Spatial Representation of the Glomerular Map in the Drosophila Protocerebrum". Cell. 109: 229–241. PMID 12007409. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00707-9.
- Malun, D.; Waldow, U.; Kraus, D.; Boeckh, J. (1993). "Connections between the deutocerebrum and the protocerebrum, and neuroanatomy of several classes of deutocerebral projection neurons in the brain of male Periplaneta americana". J. Comp. Neurol. 329 (2): 143–162. PMID 8454728. doi:10.1002/cne.903290202.
- Homberg, Uwe, Thomas A. Christensen, and J. G. Hildebrand (1989). "Structure and function of the deutocerebrum in insects". Annual Review of Entomology. 34: 477–501. PMID 2648971. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.34.010189.002401.
- "Morphology and response characteristics of neurones in the deutocerebrum of the brain in the honeybeeApis mellifera". Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 164 (4): 483–494. 1989. doi:10.1007/bf00610442.
- Childress, Steven A.; B. McIver, Susan (1984). "Morphology of the deutocerebrum of female Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 62 (7): 1320–1328. doi:10.1139/z84-190.
- Technau, Gerhard M. Brain Development in Drosophila melanogaster. Springer.
- Aubele, Elisabeth, and Nikolai Klemm (1977). "Origin, destination and mapping of tritocerebral neurons of locust". Cell and Tissue Research. 178: 199–219. PMID 66098. doi:10.1007/bf00219048.
- Chaudonneret, J. "Evolution of the insect brain with special reference to the so-called tritocerebrum." Arthropod brain. Wiley, New York (1987): 3-26.
External links
- "Suboesophageal Ganglion". flybrain.
English Journal
- Odd-skipped labels a group of distinct neurons associated with the mushroom body and optic lobe in the adult Drosophila brain.
- Levy P, Larsen C.SourceMedical Research Council Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
- The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2013 Nov;521(16):3716-40. doi: 10.1002/cne.23375.
- Olfactory processing has been intensively studied in Drosophila melanogaster. However, we still know little about the descending neural pathways from the higher order processing centers and how these connect with other neural circuits. Here we describe, in detail, the adult projections patterns that
- PMID 23749685
- Responses of protocerebral neurons in Manduca sexta to sex-pheromone mixtures.
- Lei H, Chiu HY, Hildebrand JG.SourceDepartment of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA, hlei@email.arizona.edu.
- Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology.J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol.2013 Nov;199(11):997-1014. doi: 10.1007/s00359-013-0844-4. Epub 2013 Aug 22.
- Male Manduca sexta moths are attracted to a mixture of two components of the female's sex pheromone at the natural concentration ratio. Deviation from this ratio results in reduced attraction. Projection neurons innervating prominent male-specific glomeruli in the male's antennal lobe produce maxima
- PMID 23974854
- Chelicerate neural ground pattern in a Cambrian great appendage arthropod.
- Tanaka G, Hou X, Ma X, Edgecombe GD, Strausfeld NJ.SourceJapan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka 2370061, Japan.
- Nature.Nature.2013 Oct 17;502(7471):364-7. doi: 10.1038/nature12520.
- Preservation of neural tissue in early Cambrian arthropods has recently been demonstrated, to a degree that segmental structures of the head can be associated with individual brain neuromeres. This association provides novel data for addressing long-standing controversies about the segmental identit
- PMID 24132294
Japanese Journal
- Ca2+ imaging of cricket protocerebrum responses to air current stimulation
- Characterization of Locomotor-related Spike Activity in Protocerebrum of Freely Walking Cricket
- コガネグモの視神経遠心性細胞の脳内での形態と脳内光感受性細胞の存在部位
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- 英
- protocerebrum、protocerebral
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- 関
- protocerebrum