関: proteobacteria

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The Proteobacteria are a major group (phylum) of bacteria. They include a wide variety of pathogens, such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio, Helicobacter, and many other notable genera. ^[2] Others are free-living, and include many of the bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation.

In 1987, Carl Woese established this grouping, calling it informally the "purple bacteria and their relatives".^[3] Because of the great diversity of forms found in this group, the Proteobacteria are named after Proteus, a Greek god of the sea, capable of assuming many different shapes, and it is therefore not named after the genus Proteus.^[1] ^[4]

Characteristics[edit]

All proteobacteria are Gram-negative, with an outer membrane mainly composed of lipopolysaccharides. Many move about using flagella, but some are nonmotile or rely on bacterial gliding. The last include the myxobacteria, a unique group of bacteria that can aggregate to form multicellular fruiting bodies. There is also a wide variety in the types of metabolism. Most members are facultatively or obligately anaerobic, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophic, but there are numerous exceptions. A variety of genera, which are not closely related to each other, convert energy from light through photosynthesis. These are called purple bacteria, referring to their mostly reddish pigmentation.

Taxonomy[edit]

Phylogeny of Proteobacteria

Acidobacteria

Deltaproteobacteria

Epsilonbacteria

Alphaproteobacteria

Zetaproteobacteria

	Gammaproteobacteria

	Betaproteobacteria

Phylogeny of proteobacteria according to ARB living tree, iTOL, Bergey's and others.

The group is defined primarily in terms of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences. The Proteobacteria are divided into six sections, referred to by the Greek letters alpha through zeta, again based on rRNA sequences. These are often treated as classes. The alpha, beta, delta, epsilon sections are monophyletic,^[5]^[6]^[7] bar the Gammaproteobacteria due to the Acidithiobacillus genus is paraphyletic to Betaproteobacteria, according to multigenome alignment studies, which if done correctly are more precise than 16S^[8] (note that Mariprofundus ferrooxydans sole member of the non-validly published "Zetaproteobacteria"^[9] was previously misclassified on NCBI taxonomy). It should be noted that the genera Acidithiobacillus and Thermithiobacillus have been moved to a new Class within the Proteobacteria as of 2013 - the Acidithiobacillia.^[10] The divisions of the Proteobacteria were once regarded as subclasses (e.g. α-subclass of the Proteobacteria), but are now regarded as classes (e.g. the Alphaproteobacteria).^[11] The naming convention is that each Class is styled in italics with a capital first letter.^[11]

Alphaproteobacteria
Betaproteobacteria
Gammaproteobacteria
Deltaproteobacteria
Epsilonproteobacteria
"Zetaproteobacteria" (not validly published)
Acidithiobacillia

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b Stackebrandt et al. Proteobacteria classis nov., a name for the phylogenetic taxon that includes the "purple bacteria and their relatives". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1988, 38, 321–325.
^ Madigan M; Martinko J (editors). (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-144329-1.
^ Woese, C. R. (1987). "Bacterial evolution". Microbiological reviews 51 (2): 221–271. PMC 373105. PMID 2439888. edit
^ "Proteobacteria". Discover Life: Tree of Life. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
^ Noel R. Krieg, Don J. Brenner, James T. Staley (2005). Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology: The proteobacteria. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-95040-2.
^ Ciccarelli, F. D.; Doerks, T; Von Mering, C; Creevey, CJ; Snel, B; Bork, P (2006). "Toward Automatic Reconstruction of a Highly Resolved Tree of Life". Science 311 (5765): 1283–1287. Bibcode:2006Sci...311.1283C. doi:10.1126/science.1123061. PMID 16513982. Text "16513982" ignored (help) edit
^ Yarza, P.; Ludwig, W.; Euzéby, J.; Amann, R.; Schleifer, K. H.; Glöckner, F. O.; Rosselló-Móra, R. (2010). "Update of the All-Species Living Tree Project based on 16S and 23S rRNA sequence analyses". Systematic and Applied Microbiology 33 (6): 291–299. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2010.08.001. PMID 20817437. edit
^ Williams, K. P.; Gillespie, J. J.; Sobral, B. W. S.; Nordberg, E. K.; Snyder, E. E.; Shallom, J. M.; Dickerman, A. W. (2010). "Phylogeny of Gammaproteobacteria". Journal of Bacteriology 192 (9): 2305–2314. doi:10.1128/JB.01480-09. PMC 2863478. PMID 20207755. Text "20207755" ignored (help) edit
^ Emerson, D.; Rentz, J. A.; Lilburn, T. G.; Davis, R. E.; Aldrich, H.; Chan, C.; Moyer, C. L. (2007). "A Novel Lineage of Proteobacteria Involved in Formation of Marine Fe-Oxidizing Microbial Mat Communities". In Reysenbach, Anna-Louise. PLoS ONE 2 (8): e667. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2..667E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000667. PMC 1930151. PMID 17668050. edit
^ Williams KP, Kelly DP (2013) Proposal for a new Class within the Proteobacteria, the Acidithiobacillia, with the Acidithiobacillales as the type Order. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. Published online, January 2013
^ ^a ^b Lee at al. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55 (2005), 1907–1919.

External links[edit]

Wikispecies has information related to: Proteobacteria

Proteobacteria information from Palaeos
Proteobacteria – J.P. Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature

English Journal

Complete genome sequence of the lipase producing strain Burkholderia glumae PG1.

Voget S1, Knapp A2, Poehlein A1, Vollstedt C3, Streit W3, Daniel R1, Jaeger KE4.
Journal of biotechnology.J Biotechnol.2015 Jun 20;204:3-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.03.022. Epub 2015 Apr 4.
The Gram-negative proteobacterium Burkholderia glumae PG1 produces a lipase of biotechnological interest, which is used for the production of enantiopure pharmaceuticals. In order to better understand the underlying mechanisms and provide a basis for further studies, we present here the complete gen
PMID 25848987

Distribution and population structure characteristics of microorganisms in urban sewage system.

Liu Y1, Dong Q, Shi H.
Applied microbiology and biotechnology.Appl Microbiol Biotechnol.2015 May 16. [Epub ahead of print]
The sewage system functions as an important public infrastructure. The survived microbial population inside the sewage system plays an important role in the biochemical process during wastewater transportation within the system. The study aims to investigate the microbial communities spatial distrib
PMID 25981998

Evolutionary defined role of the mitochondrial DNA in fertility, disease and ageing.

Otten AB1, Smeets HJ2.
Human reproduction update.Hum Reprod Update.2015 May 14. pii: dmv024. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: The endosymbiosis of an alpha-proteobacterium and a eubacterium a billion years ago paved the way for multicellularity and enabled eukaryotes to flourish. The selective advantage for the host was the acquired ability to generate large amounts of intracellular hydrogen-dependent adenosine
PMID 25976758

Japanese Journal

Survival and transfer ability of phylogenetically diverse bacterial endosymbionts in environmental Acanthamoeba isolates

Matsuo Junji,Kawaguchi Kouhei,Nakamura Shinji,Hayashi Yasuhiro,Yoshida Mitsutaka,Takahashi Kaori,Mizutani Yoshihiko,Yao Takashi,Yamaguchi Hiroyuki
Environmental Microbiology Reports 2(4), 524-533, 2010-08
… Phylogenetic analysis revealed that three-bacterial endosymbionts (eS31, eS40a, eS23) belonged to α- and β-Proteobacterium phyla and the remaining endosymbionts (eR18, eS13, eS40b) belonged to the Chlamydiales phylum. …
NAID 120002414852

Evolutionary dynamics of wheat mitochondrial gene structure with special remarks on the origin and effects of RNA editing in cereals

Tsunewaki Koichiro,Matsuoka Yoshihiro,Yamazaki Yukiko [他],OGIHARA Yasunari
Genes & genetic systems 83(4), 301-320, 2008-08-25
… First, we compared the nucleotide sequences of three wheat mitochondrial genes to those of wheat chloroplast, α-proteobacterium and cyanobacterium orthologs. …
NAID 10024396468