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any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes; "a diet high in protein"

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蛋白(たんばく)質

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/02/14 23:45:08」(JST)

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Rendering of HLA-A11 showing the α (A*1101 gene product) and β (Beta-2 microglobin) subunits. This receptor has a bound peptide (in the binding pocket) of heterologous origin that also contributes to function.

In structural biology, a protein subunit is a single protein molecule that assembles (or "coassembles") with other protein molecules to form a protein complex. Some naturally occurring proteins have a relatively small number of subunits and therefore described as oligomeric, for example hemoglobin or DNA polymerase. Others may consist from a very large number of subunits and therefore described as multimeric, for example microtubules and other cytoskeleton proteins. The subunits of a multimeric protein may be identical, homologous or totally dissimilar and dedicated to disparate tasks. In some protein assemblies, one subunit may be referred to as a "regulatory subunit" and another as a "catalytic subunit." An enzyme composed of both regulatory and catalytic subunits when assembled is often referred to as a holoenzyme. One subunit is made of one polypeptide chain. A polypeptide chain has one gene coding for it – meaning that a protein must have one gene for each unique subunit.

A subunit is often named with a Greek or Roman letter, and the numbers of this type of subunit in a protein is indicated by a subscript. For example, ATP synthase has a type of subunit called α. Three of these are present in the ATP synthase molecule, and is therefore designated α₃. Larger groups of subunits can also the specified, like α₃β₃-hexamer and c-ring.

Vaccines

A subunit vaccine presents an antigen to the immune system without introducing viral particles, whole or otherwise. One method of production involves isolation of a specific protein from a virus and administering this by itself. A weakness of this technique is that isolated proteins can be denatured and will then bind to different antibodies than the proteins in the virus. A second method of subunit vaccine is the recombinant vaccine, which involves putting a protein gene from the targeted virus into another virus. The second virus will express the protein, but will not present a risk to the patient. This is the type of vaccine currently in use for hepatitis, and it is experimentally popular, being used to try to develop new vaccines for difficult to vaccinate viruses such as Ebola and HIV.^[1]

Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (ViCPS) is another subunit vaccine, in this case against typhoid.

References

^ Department of Veterinary Science & Microbiology at The University of Arizona Vaccines by Janet M. Decker, PhD

Dilip Gore,Reecha Pandit (2011). "In silico Identification of Cell Surface Antigens in Neisseria meningitidis". Biomirror 2: 1–5.

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1. 肥大型心筋症の遺伝学 genetics of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
2. アミロイド疾患の遺伝的要因 genetic factors in the amyloid diseases
3. 重度複合型免疫不全（SCID）：特定の欠損 severe combined immunodeficiency scid specific defects
4. 幼児の食物蛋白誘発性直腸炎/大腸炎、腸疾患、および腸炎 food protein induced proctitis colitis enteropathy and enterocolitis of infancy
5. 鉄のバランス調節 regulation of iron balance

English Journal

Differential proteomics of Helicobacter pylori associated with autoimmune atrophic gastritis.

Repetto O1, Zanussi S2, Casarotto M2, Canzonieri V3, De Paoli P1, Cannizzaro R4, De Re V1.Author information 1Facility of Bio-Proteomics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy.2Microbiology-Immunology and Virology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy.3Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy.4Gastroenterology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy.AbstractAtrophic autoimmune gastritis (AAG) is a condition of chronic inflammation and atrophy of stomach mucosa, for which development can be partially triggered by the bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori (HP). HP can cause a variety of gastric diseases, such as duodenal ulcer (DU) or gastric cancer (GC). In this study, a comparative proteomic approach was used by two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) to identify differentially expressed proteins of HP strains isolated from patients with AAG, to identify markers of HP strain associated with AAG. Proteome profiles of HP isolated from GC or DU were used as a reference to compare proteomic levels. Proteomics analyses revealed 27 differentially expressed spots in AAG-associated HP in comparison with GC, whereas only 9 differential spots were found in AAG-associated HP profiles compared with DU. Proteins were identified after matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)-TOF and peptide mass fingerprinting. Some AAG-HP differential proteins were common between DU- and GC-HP (peroxiredoxin, heat shock protein 70 [HSP70], adenosine 5'-triphosphate [ATP] synthase subunit α, flagellin A). Our results presented here may suggest that comparative proteomes of HP isolated from AAG and DU share more common protein expression than GC and provide subsets of putative AAG-specific upregulated or downregulated proteins that could be proposed as putative markers of AAG-associated HP. Other comparative studies by two-dimensional maps integrated with functional genomics of candidate proteins will undoubtedly contribute to better decipher the biology of AAG-associated HP strains.
Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.).Mol Med.2014 Feb 28;20:57-71. doi: 10.2119/molmed.2013.00076.
Atrophic autoimmune gastritis (AAG) is a condition of chronic inflammation and atrophy of stomach mucosa, for which development can be partially triggered by the bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori (HP). HP can cause a variety of gastric diseases, such as duodenal ulcer (DU) or gastric cancer (GC
PMID 24395566

Heat-induced aggregation and sulphydryl/disulphide reaction products of soy protein with different sulphydryl contents.

Ruan Q1, Chen Y1, Kong X1, Hua Y2.Author information 1State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu Province, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu Province, PR China.2State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu Province, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu Province, PR China. Electronic address: yufeihuajiangnan@126.com.AbstractIn this study, soy proteins were reduced with 0.1-10mM dithiothreitol (DTT) to obtain an increasing number of sulphydryl groups (SH) with a similar particle size. Aggregation was promoted by increasing the degree of reduction when heated (100°C, 30min), resulting in larger sized aggregates (from 40 to 70nm) and a higher viscosity of the aggregate dispersion. The disulphide bond (SS) content decreased and the less SS linked polymer, which was composed of acidic (A) polypeptide of glycinin, basic (B) polypeptides of glycinin, and a small amount of α' and α subunits of β-conglycinin, was formed with increasing reduction degree, suggesting that SH/SS polymerisation was not the driving force for aggregation. The larger aggregates with increasing degrees of reduction were composed of more B of glycinin and β of β-conglycinin, suggesting that the A and the small amount of α' and α in the SS linked polymer have an inhibiting effect on protein aggregates formation.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Aug 1;156:14-22. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.083. Epub 2014 Feb 6.
In this study, soy proteins were reduced with 0.1-10mM dithiothreitol (DTT) to obtain an increasing number of sulphydryl groups (SH) with a similar particle size. Aggregation was promoted by increasing the degree of reduction when heated (100°C, 30min), resulting in larger sized aggregates (from 40
PMID 24629932

Pleckstrin homology domain containing 6 protein (PLEKHA6) polymorphisms are associated with psychopathology and response to treatment in schizophrenic patients.

Spellmann I1, Rujescu D2, Musil R3, Giegling I2, Genius J4, Zill P3, Dehning S3, Cerovecki A3, Seemüller F3, Schennach R3, Hartmann AM3, Schäfer M3, Müller N3, Möller HJ3, Riedel M5.Author information 1Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Bezirkskrankenhaus Kaufbeuren, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. Electronic address: ilja.spellmann@bkh-kaufbeuren.de.2Martin Luther University of Halle (Saale), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy.3Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Bezirkskrankenhaus Kaufbeuren, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy.4LVR-Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy.5Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Vinzenz-von-Paul-Hospital Rottweil.AbstractPleckstrin homology domain (PH domain) comprises approximately 120 amino acids and is integrated in a wide range of proteins involved in intracellular signaling or as constituents of the cytoskeleton. This domain can bind phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate and phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-biphosphate and proteins such as the βγ-subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins and protein kinase C. Associations with psychiatric diseases have not been investigated yet. To identify genes involved in response to antipsychotics, mice were treated with haloperidol (1mg/kg, n=11) or saline (n=12) for one week. By analyzing microarray data, we observed an increase of pleckstrin homology domain containing 6 (PLEKHA6) gene expression. Furthermore, we genotyped 263 schizophrenic patients, who were treated monotherapeutically with different antipsychotics within randomized-controlled trials. Psychopathology was measured weekly using the PANSS for a minimum of four and a maximum of twelve weeks. Correlations between PANSS subscale scores at baseline and PANSS improvement scores after four weeks of treatment and genotypes were calculated by using a linear model for all investigated SNPs. We found associations between four PLEKHA6 polymorphisms (rs17333933 (T/G), rs3126209 (C/T), rs4951338 (A/G) and rs100900571 (T/C)) and different PANSS subscales at baseline. Furthermore two different polymorphisms (rs7513240 (T/C), rs4951353 (A/G)) were found to be associated with therapy response in terms of a significant correlation with different PANSS improvement subscores after four weeks of antipsychotic treatment. Our observation of an association between genetic polymorphisms of a protein of the PH domain and psychopathology data in schizophrenic patients might be indicative for an involvement of PLEKHA6 in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the therapy response towards antipsychotics.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry.Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.2014 Jun 3;51:190-5. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.02.006. Epub 2014 Feb 25.
Pleckstrin homology domain (PH domain) comprises approximately 120 amino acids and is integrated in a wide range of proteins involved in intracellular signaling or as constituents of the cytoskeleton. This domain can bind phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate and phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bipho
PMID 24576533

Japanese Journal

Regulation and functional roles of rebound potentiation at cerebellar stellate cell—Purkinje cell synapses

Hirano Tomoo,Kawaguchi Shin-ya
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 8, 2014-02-18
… RP induction depends on binding of GABAAR with GABAAR associated protein (GABARAP) which is regulated by Ca[2+]/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII). … Recent studies have revealed that the subunit composition of CaMKII has significant impact on RP induction. …
NAID 120005385884

Strategy for cold adaptation of the tryptophan synthase α subunit from the psychrophile Shewanella frigidimarina K14-2 : crystal structure and physicochemical properties

Mitsuya Daisuke,Tanaka Shun-ichi,Matsumura Hiroyoshi [他]
The journal of biochemistry 155(2), 73-82, 2014-02
NAID 40019985640

Involvement of the N-terminal portion of influenza virus RNA polymerase subunit PB1 in nucleotide recognition

Binh Nguyen Trong,Wakai Chitose,Kawaguchi Atsushi,Nagata Kyosuke
Biochemical and biophysical research communications 443(3), 975-979, 2014-01
… The influenza virus PB1 protein functions as a catalytic subunit of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and contains the highly conserved motifs of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases together with putative nucleotide-binding sites. … In this study, we analyzed the function of PB1 subunit in the sense of nucleotide recognition using ribavirin, which is a nucleoside analog and inhibits viral RNA synthesis of many RNA viruses including influenza virus. …
NAID 120005399277