prolymphocytic

• 前リンパ球性の、前リンパ性の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/03/28 05:37:52」(JST)

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Hematopoietic stem cell
HSC=Hematopoietic stem cell, Progenitor=Progenitor cell, L-blast=Lymphoblast, Lymphocyte, Mo-blast=Monoblast, Monocyte, Myeloblast, Pro-M=Promyelocyte, Myelocyte, Meta-M=Metamyelocyte, Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Pro-E=Proerythroblast, Baso-E=Basophilic erythroblast, poly-E=Polychromatic erythroblast, Ortho-E=Orthochromatic erythroblast, Erythrocyte, Promegakaryocyte, Megakaryocyte, Platelet
Latin	cellula haematopoietica precursoria
Code	TH H2.00.01.0.00006

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the blood cells that give rise to all the other blood cells.

They give rise to the myeloid (monocytes and macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, erythrocytes, megakaryocytes/platelets, dendritic cells), and lymphoid lineages (T-cells, B-cells, NK-cells). The definition of hematopoietic stem cells has changed in the last two decades. The hematopoietic tissue contains cells with long-term and short-term regeneration capacities and committed multipotent, oligopotent, and unipotent progenitors. HSCs constitute 1:10.000 of cells in myeloid tissue.

HSCs are a heterogeneous population. Three classes of stem cells exist, distinguished by their ratio of lymphoid to myeloid progeny (L/M) in blood. Myeloid-biased (My-bi) HSC have low L/M ratio (>0, <3), whereas lymphoid-biased (Ly-bi) HSC show a large ratio (>10). The third category consists of the balanced (Bala) HSC for which 3 ≤ L/M ≤ 10. Only the myeloid-biased and -balanced HSCs have durable self-renewal properties. In addition, serial transplantation experiments have shown that each subtype preferentially re-creates its blood cell type distribution, suggesting an inherited epigenetic program for each subtype.

Source

Sketch of bone marrow and its cells

HSCs are found in the bone marrow of adults, with large quantities in the pelvis, femur, and sternum. They are also found in umbilical cord blood and, in small numbers, in peripheral blood.^{[citation needed]}

Stem and progenitor cells can be taken from the pelvis, at the iliac crest, using a needle and syringe.^{[citation needed]} The cells can be removed a liquid (to perform a smear to look at the cell morphology) or they can be removed via a core biopsy (to maintain the architecure or relationship of the cells to each other and to the bone).^{[citation needed]}

In order to harvest stem cells from the circulating peripheral, blood donors are injected with a cytokine, such as granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), that induce cells to leave the bone marrow and circulate in the blood vessels.^{[citation needed]}.

In mammalian embryology, the first definitive HSCs are detected in the AGM (Aorta-gonad-mesonephros), and then massively expanded in the Fetal Liver prior to colonising the bone marrow before birth.

Functional characteristics

Multipotency and self-renewal

As stem cells, HSC are defined by their ability to replenish all blood cell types (Multipotency) and their ability to self-renew.

It is known that a small number of HSCs can expand to generate a very large number of daughter HSCs. This phenomenon is used in bone marrow transplantation, when a small number of HSCs reconstitute the hematopoietic system. This process indicates that, subsequent to bone marrow transplantation, symmetrical cell divisions into two daughter HSCs must occur.

Stem cell self-renewal is thought to occur in the stem cell niche in the bone marrow, and it is reasonable to assume that key signals present in this niche will be important in self-renewal. There is much interest in the environmental and molecular requirements for HSC self-renewal, as understanding the ability of HSC to replenish themselves will eventually allow the generation of expanded populations of HSC in vitro that can be used therapeutically.

Stem cell heterogeneity

It was originally believed that all HSC were alike in their self-renewal and differentiation abilities. This view was first challenged by the 2002 discovery by the Muller-Sieburg group in San Diego, who illustrated that different stem cells can show distinct repopulation patterns that are epigenetically predetermined intrinsic properties of clonal Thy-1^lo SCA-1⁺ lin^- c-kit⁺ HSC. The results of these clonal studies led to the notion of lineage bias. Using the ratio of lymphoid (L) to myeloid (M) cells in blood as a quantitative marker, the stem cell compartment can be split into three categories of HSC. Balanced (Bala) HSC repopulate peripheral white blood cells in the same ratio of myeloid to lymphoid cells as seen in unmanipulated mice (on average about 15% myeloid and 85% lymphoid cells, or 3≤ρ≤10). Myeloid-biased (My-bi) HSC give rise to too few lymphocytes resulting in ratios 0<ρ<3, while lymphoid-biased (Ly-bi) HSC generate too few myeloid cells, which results in lymphoid-to-myeloid ratios of 10<ρ<oo. All three types are norm three types of HSC, and they do not represent stages of differentiation. Rather, these are three classes of HSC, each with an epigenetically fixed differentiation program. These studies also showed that lineage bias is not stochastically regulated or dependent on differences in environmental influence. My-bi HSC self-renew longer than balanced or Ly-bi HSC. The myeloid bias results from reduced responsiveness to the lymphopoetin Interleukin 7 (IL-7).

Subsequent to this, other groups confirmed and highlighted the original findings (refer to the excellent mini-review by Timm Schroeder). For example, the Eaves group confirmed in 2007 that repopulation kinetics, long-term self-renewal capacity, and My-bi and Ly-bi are stably inherited intrinsic HSC properties. In 2010, the Goodell group provided additional insights about the molecular basis of lineage bias in side population Side population (SP) SCA-1⁺ lin^- c-kit⁺ HSC. As previously shown for IL-7 signaling, it was found that a member of the transforming growth factor family (TGF-beta) induces and inhibits the proliferation of My-bi and Ly-bi HSC, respectively.

Functional assays

A cobblestone area-forming cell (CAFC) assay is a cell culture-based empirical assay. When plated onto a confluent culture of stromal feeder layer, a fraction of HSCs creep between the gaps (even though the stromal cells are touching each other) and eventually settle between the stromal cells and the substratum (here the dish surface) or trapped in the cellular processes between the stromal cells. Emperipolesis is the in vivo phenomenon in which one cell is completely engulfed into another (e.g., thymocytes into thymic nurse cells); on the other hand, when in vitro, lymphoid lineage cells creep beneath nurse-like cells, the process is called pseudoemperipolesis. This similar phenomenon is more commonly known in the HSC field by the cell culture terminology cobble stone area-forming cells (CAFC), which means areas of cluster of cells that look dull cobblestone-like under phase contrast microscopy, compared to the other HSCs, which are refractile. This happens because the cells that are floating loosely on top of the stromal cells are spherical and thus refractile. However, the cells that creep beneath the stromal cells are flattened and, thus, not refractile. The mechanism of pseudoemperipolesis is only recently coming to light. It may be mediated by interaction through CXCR4 (CD184) the receptor for CXC Chemokines (e.g., SDF1) and α4β1 integrins.

Mobility

HSCs have a higher potential than other immature blood cells to pass the bone marrow barrier, and, thus, may travel in the blood from the bone marrow in one bone to another bone. If they settle in the thymus, they may develop into T cells. In the case of fetuses and other extramedullary hematopoiesis, HSCs may also settle in the liver or spleen and develop.

This ability is the reason why HSCs may be harvested directly from the blood.

Physical characteristics

With regard to morphology, hematopoietic stem cells resemble lymphocytes. They are non-adherent, and rounded, with a rounded nucleus and low cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio. Since PHSC cannot be isolated as a pure population, it is not possible to identify them in a microscope. The above description is based on the morphological characteristics of a heterogeneous population, of which PHSC are a component.

Markers

In reference to phenotype, hematopoeitic stem cells are identified by their small size, lack of lineage (lin) markers, low staining (side population) with vital dyes such as rhodamine 123 (rhodamine^DULL, also called rho^lo) or Hoechst 33342, and presence of various antigenic markers on their surface.

Cluster of differentiation and other markers

Many of these markers belong to the cluster of differentiation series, like: CD34, CD38, CD90, CD133, CD105, CD45, and also c-kit, - the receptor for stem cell factor. The hematopoietic stem cells are negative for the markers that are used for detection of lineage commitment, and are, thus, called Lin-; and, during their purification by FACS, a bunch of up to 14 different mature blood-lineage marker, e.g., CD13 & CD33 for myeloid, CD71 for erythroid, CD19 for B cells, CD61 for megakaryocytic, etc. for humans; and, B220 (murine CD45) for B cells, Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) for monocytes, Gr-1 for Granulocytes, Ter119 for erythroid cells, Il7Ra, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD8 for T cells, etc. (for mice) antibodies are used as a mixture to deplete the lin+ cells or late multipotent progenitors (MPP)s.

There are many differences between the human and mice hematopoietic cell markers for the commonly accepted type of hematopoietic stem cells.[1].

• Mouse HSC : CD34^lo/-, SCA-1⁺, Thy1.1^+/lo, CD38⁺, C-kit⁺, lin^-
• Human HSC : CD34⁺, CD59⁺, Thy1/CD90⁺, CD38^lo/-, C-kit/CD117⁺, lin^-

However, not all stem cells are covered by these combinations that, nonetheless, have become popular. In fact, even in humans, there are hematopoietic stem cells that are CD34^-/CD38^-. Also some later studies suggested that earliest stem cells may lack c-kit on the cell surface. For human HSCs use of CD133 was one step ahead as both CD34⁺ and CD34^- HSCs were CD133⁺.

Traditional purification method used to yield a reasonable purity level of mouse hematopoietic stem cells, in general, requires a large(~10-12) battery of markers, most of which were surrogate markers with little functional significance, and thus partial overlap with the stem cell populations and sometimes other closely related cells that are not stem cells. Also, some of these markers (e.g., Thy1) are not conserved across mouse species, and use of markers like CD34^- for HSC purification requires mice to be at least 8 weeks old.

SLAM code

Alternative methods that could give rise to similar or better harvest of stem cells is a hot area of research and are presently emerging. One such method uses a signature of SLAM family of cell surface molecules. SLAM (Signaling lymphocyte activation molecule) family is a group of >10 molecules whose genes are located mostly tandemly in a single locus on chromosome 1 (mouse), all belonging to a subset of immunoglobulin gene superfamily, and originally thought to be involved in T-cell stimulation. This family includes CD48, CD150, CD244, etc., CD150 being the founding member, and, thus, also called slamF1, i.e., SLAM family member 1.

The signature SLAM code for the hemopoietic hierarchy are:

• Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) : CD150⁺CD48^-CD244^-
• Multipotent progenitor cells (MPPs) : CD150^-CD48^-CD244⁺
• Lineage-restricted progenitor cells (LRPs) : CD150^-CD48⁺CD244⁺
• Common myeloid progenitor (CMP) : lin^-SCA-1^-c-kit⁺CD34⁺CD16/32^mid
• Granulocyte-macrophage progenitor (GMP) : lin^-SCA-1^-c-kit⁺CD34⁺CD16/32^hi
• Megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor (MEP) : lin^-SCA-1^-c-kit⁺CD34^-CD16/32^low

For HSCs, CD150⁺CD48^- was sufficient instead of CD150⁺CD48^-CD244^- because CD48 is a ligand for CD244, and both would be positive only in the activated lineage-restricted progenitors. It seems that this code was more efficient than the more tedious earlier set of the large number of markers, and are also conserved across the mouse strains; however, recent work has shown that this method excludes a large number of HSCs and includes an equally large number of non-stem cells. . CD150⁺CD48^- gave stem cell purity comparable to Thy1^loSCA-1⁺lin^-c-kit⁺ in mice.

LT-HSC/ST-HSC/Early MPP/Late MPP

Irving Weissman's group at Stanford University was the first to isolate mouse hematopoietic stem cells in 1988 and was also the first to work out the markers to distinguish the mouse long-term (LT-HSC) and short-term (ST-HSC) hematopoietic stem cells (self-renew-capable), and the Multipotent progenitors (MPP, low or no self-renew capability — the later the developmental stage of MPP, the lesser the self-renewal ability and the more of some of the markers like CD4 and CD135):

• LT-HSC : CD34^-, CD38^-, SCA-1⁺, Thy1.1^+/lo, C-kit⁺, lin^-, CD135^-, Slamf1/CD150⁺
• ST-HSC : CD34⁺, CD38⁺, SCA-1⁺, Thy1.1^+/lo, C-kit⁺, lin^-, CD135^-, Slamf1/CD150⁺, Mac-1 (CD11b)^lo
• Early MPP : CD34⁺, SCA-1⁺, Thy1.1^-, C-kit⁺, lin^-, CD135⁺, Slamf1/CD150^-, Mac-1 (CD11b)^lo, CD4^lo
• Late MPP : CD34⁺, SCA-1⁺, Thy1.1^-, C-kit⁺, lin^-, CD135^high, Slamf1/CD150^-, Mac-1 (CD11b)^lo, CD4^lo

Nomenclature of hematopoietic colonies and lineages

Between 1948 and 1950, the Committee for Clarification of the Nomenclature of Cells and Diseases of the Blood and Blood-forming Organs issued reports on the nomenclature of blood cells. An overview of the terminology is shown below, from earliest to final stage of development:

• [root]blast
• pro[root]cyte
• [root]cyte
• meta[root]cyte
• mature cell name

The root for erythrocyte colony-forming units (CFU-E) is "rubri", for granulocyte-monocyte colony-forming units (CFU-GM) is "granulo" or "myelo" and "mono", for lympocyte colony-forming units (CFU-L) is "lympho" and for megakaryocyte colony-forming units (CFU-Meg) is "megakaryo". According to this terminology, the stages of red blood cell formation would be: rubriblast, prorubricyte, rubricyte, metarubricyte, and erythrocyte. However, the following nomenclature seems to be, at present, the most prevalent:

Committee	"lympho"	"rubri"	"granulo" or "myelo"	"mono"	"megakaryo"
Lineage	Lymphoid	Myeloid	Myeloid	Myeloid	Myeloid
CFU	CFU-L	CFU-GEMM→CFU-E	CFU-GEMM→CFU-GM→CFU-G	CFU-GEMM→CFU-GM→CFU-M	CFU-GEMM→CFU-Meg
Process	lymphocytopoiesis	erythropoiesis	granulocytopoiesis	monocytopoiesis	thrombocytopoiesis
[root]blast	Lymphoblast	Proerythroblast	Myeloblast	Monoblast	Megakaryoblast
pro[root]cyte	Prolymphocyte	Polychromatophilic erythrocyte	Promyelocyte	Promonocyte	Promegakaryocyte
[root]cyte	-	Normoblast	Eosino/neutro/basophilic myelocyte		Megakaryocyte
meta[root]cyte	Large lymphocyte	Reticulocyte	Eosinophilic/neutrophilic/basophilic metamyelocyte, Eosinophilic/neutrophilic/basophilic band cell	Early monocyte	-
mature cell name	Small lymphocyte	Erythrocyte	granulocytes (Eosino/neutro/basophil)	Monocyte	thrombocytes (Platelets)

Osteoclasts also arise from hemopoietic cells of the monocyte/neutrophil lineage, specifically CFU-GM.

Colony-forming units

There are various kinds of colony-forming units:

• Colony-forming unit lymphocyte (CFU-L)
• Colony-forming unit erythrocyte (CFU-E)
• Colony-forming unit granulo-monocyte (CFU-GM)
• Colony-forming unit megakaryocyte (CFU-Me)
• Colony-forming unit Basophil (CFU-B)
• Colony-forming unit Eosinophil (CFU-Eo)

The above CFUs are based on the lineage. Another CFU, the colony-forming unit–spleen (CFU–S) was the basis of an in vivo clonal colony formation, which depends on the ability of infused bone marrow cells to give rise to clones of maturing hematopoietic cells in the spleens of irradiated mice after 8 to 12 days. It was used extensively in early studies, but is now considered to measure more mature progenitor or Transit Amplifying Cells rather than stem cells.

HSC repopulation kinetics

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) cannot be easily observed directly, and, therefore, their behaviors need to be inferred indirectly. Clonal studies are likely the closest technique for single cell in vivo studies of HSC. Here, sophisticated experimental and statistical methods are used to ascertain that, with a high probability, a single HSC is contained in a transplant administered to a lethally irradiated host. The clonal expansion of this stem cell can then be observed over time by monitoring the percent donor-type cells in blood as the host is reconstituted. The resulting time series is defined as the repopulation kinetic of the HSC.

The reconstitution kinetics are very heterogeneous. However, using symbolic dynamics, one can show that they fall into a limited number of classes. To prove this, several hundred experimental repopulation kinetics from clonal Thy-1^lo SCA-1⁺ lin^- c-kit⁺ HSC were translated into symbolic sequences by assigning the symbols "+", "-", "~" whenever two successive measurements of the percent donor-type cells have a positive, negative, or unchanged slope, respectively. By using the Hamming distance, the repopulation patterns were subjected to cluster analysis yielding 16 distinct groups of kinetics. To finish the empirical proof, the Laplace add-one approach was used to determine that the probability of finding kinetics not contained in these 16 groups is very small. By corollary, this result shows that the hematopoietic stem cell compartment is also heterogeneous by dynamical criteria.

See also

• Hematopoiesis
• Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

References

Additional images

• Hematopoiesis

External links

• Fact sheet about blood stem cells on EuroStemCell
• Hematopoietic stem cells at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• hemocytoblast at eMedicine Dictionary

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. B細胞前リンパ球性白血病の臨床症状、病理学的特徴、および診断 clinical manifestations pathologic features and diagnosis of b cell prolymphocytic leukemia
• 2. T細胞前リンパ球性白血病の臨床症状、病理学的特徴、および診断 clinical manifestations pathologic features and diagnosis of t cell prolymphocytic leukemia
• 3. T細胞性前リンパ性白血病の治療 treatment of t cell prolymphocytic leukemia
• 4. 慢性リンパ性白血病に対する治療の概要 overview of the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia
• 5. 造血腫瘍の分類 classification of the hematopoietic neoplasms

English Journal

• Primary Refractory T-cell prolymphocytic leukaemia treated with Daily Administration of Alemtuzumab plus high dose methylprednisolone.

• Renaudon-Smith E, Gribben JG, Agrawal SG.Author information Division of Haemato-Oncology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.AbstractT cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder associated with an aggressive course and a poor response to conventional chemotherapy, with a median survival of 7.5.months1 . Non-chemotherapy treatment with the anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody, Alemtuzumab, is effective in the management of this condition, producing complete remissions in 81% of patients as first line treatment and 60% following relapse/refractoriness to other therapies2 . Currently there is no clear consensus in the literature about how to proceed in the setting of refractoriness to Alemtuzumab. One group has suggested that Pentostatin (a purine analogue) may be added, although this was in the setting of subcutaneous Alemtuzumab based on their prior experience with this as a single agent1 . This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
• European journal of haematology.Eur J Haematol.2013 Dec 14. doi: 10.1111/ejh.12248. [Epub ahead of print]
• T cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder associated with an aggressive course and a poor response to conventional chemotherapy, with a median survival of 7.5.months1 . Non-chemotherapy treatment with the anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody, Alemtuzumab, is effective in
• PMID 24329558

• Minimal change disease in graft versus host disease: a podocyte response to the graft?

• Huskey J, Rivard C, Myint H, Lucia S, Smith M, Shimada M, Ishimoto T, Araya C, Garin EH, Johnson RJ.AbstractNephrotic syndrome is a rare complication of hematopoietic cell transplantation. It has been suggested that nephrotic syndrome may represent a limited form of graft-versus-host disease although the pathological link between these two entities remains unclear. In this paper, we report a case of a 61-year-old female who underwent nonmyeloablative allogenic stem cell transplantation for T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia and subsequently developed biopsy proven minimal change disease shortly after cessation of her immunosuppression therapy. Urinary CD80 was markedly elevated during active disease and disappeared following corticosteroid-induced remission. We hypothesize that alloreactive donor T cells target the kidney and induce podocyte expression of CD80 that results in proteinuria from limited 'graft versus host' disease.
• Clinical nephrology.Clin Nephrol.2013 Dec;80(6):469-73. doi: 10.5414/CN107420.
• Nephrotic syndrome is a rare complication of hematopoietic cell transplantation. It has been suggested that nephrotic syndrome may represent a limited form of graft-versus-host disease although the pathological link between these two entities remains unclear. In this paper, we report a case of a 61-
• PMID 23006339

• Alemtuzumab in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: final results of a large observational multicenter study in mostly pretreated patients.

• Fiegl M, Stauder R, Steurer M, Mian M, Hopfinger G, Brychtova Y, Skrabs C, Zabernigg A, Schmid F, Haslbaur F, Winder G, Walder A, Lang A, Voskova D, Greil R, Mayer J, Gastl G; for The Austrian Collaborative Study Group on Alemtuzumab in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, in cooperation with The Czech Leukemia Study Group for Life, CELL.Author information Department of Internal Medicine V (Hematology and Oncology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria, michael.fiegl@i-med.ac.at.AbstractThis retrospective study evaluated the benefit of alemtuzumab monotherapy in unselected patients with advanced B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL) to definitely describe the impact of this antibody in clinical routine use. Data were collected from 208 consecutive, mainly pretreated, patients with CLL (n = 202), and B-PLL (n = 6) who had received alemtuzumab. Response, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) in various settings were assessed, and toxicities were documented. In these routine patients, a comparably low cumulative dose of alemtuzumab (median, 403 mg) was applied. In CLL, overall response rate was 32 %, and various pre-therapeutic parameters were predictive for inferior response, among them, the prior administration of ≥3 therapy lines (P < 0.001), refractoriness to fludarabine (P = 0.002), and bulky lymphadenopathy (P = 0.003). PFS and OS after start of alemtuzumab were 6.2 and 21.0 months, respectively. Bulky lymphadenopathy was the prominent risk factor for both inferior PFS (P < 0.001) and OS (P = 0.002). In B-PLL, four patients experienced a fatal outcome, whereas two patients had some benefit with alemtuzumab. The main adverse effects were CMV reactivation (20 %) and a broad spectrum of infections, which together were the main reasons for treatment interruption and/or premature termination. In conclusion, alemtuzumab administered even at low dose levels was effective but overall considerably toxic in routine CLL patients. We emphasize that alemtuzumab remains an important therapeutic option in subsets of CLL patients.
• Annals of hematology.Ann Hematol.2013 Nov 30. [Epub ahead of print]
• This retrospective study evaluated the benefit of alemtuzumab monotherapy in unselected patients with advanced B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL) to definitely describe the impact of this antibody in clinical routine use. Data were collected from 208 consec
• PMID 24292560

Japanese Journal

• T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia in Japan : is it a variant?

• KAMEOKA Junichi,TAKAHASHI Naoto,NOJI Hideyoshi,MURAI Kazunori,TAJIMA Katsushi,KAMEOKA Yoshihiro,SATO Shinji,SHICHISHIMA Tsutomu,ISHIDA Yoji,HARIGAE Hideo,SAWADA Kenichi
• International journal of hematology 95(6), 660-667, 2012-06-01
• NAID 10030793639

• Epstein-Barr Virus-Negative Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma in a Patient with T-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia Treated with Fludarabine

• TSUJI Takahiro,YAMASAKI Hiroshi,ARIMA Nobuyuki,NIINO Daisuke,OHSHIMA Koichi,TSUDA Hiroyuki
• Journal of clinical and experimental hematopathology 52(1), 71-75, 2012-05-01
• NAID 10030615686

• Generalized purpuric drug exanthem with hemorrhagic plaques following bendamustine chemotherapy in a patient with B-prolymphocytic leukemia

• GAVINI Aruna,TELANG Gladys H.,OLSZEWSKI Adam J.
• International journal of hematology 95(3), 311-314, 2012-03-01
• NAID 10030551993

Related Links

• T-cell prolymphocytic leukemiaとは - goo Wikipedia ...

T-cell-prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a mature T-cell leukemia with aggressive behavior and predilection for blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and skin involvement. [1] T-PLL is a very rare leukemia, primarily ...

• Prolymphocytic leukemia. - National Center for Biotechnology ...

1. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2005 May;6(3):197-208. Prolymphocytic leukemia. Absi A, Hsi E, Kalaycio M. Taussig Cancer Cancer, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue R35, Cleveland OH 44195, USA. ...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「前リンパ性」「前リンパ球性」
拡張検索	「T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia」「T-cell prolymphocytic leukaemia」

「前リンパ性」

　　[★]

英

prolymphocytic

関

前リンパ球性

「前リンパ球性」

　　[★]

英

prolymphocytic

関

前リンパ性

「T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia」

　　[★] T細胞性前リンパ球性白血病、T細胞性前リンパ性白血病

関

chronic lymphocytic leukemia、chronic T-cell leukemia、T-cell prolymphocytic leukaemia、T-PLL

「T-cell prolymphocytic leukaemia」

　　[★]

T細胞性前リンパ球性白血病、T細胞性前リンパ性白血病

関

T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia、T-PLL