prohibitionist

　

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1. 酒類製造販売禁止論者

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/02/11 12:46:57」(JST)

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Prohibitionism is a legal philosophy and political theory often used in lobbying which holds that citizens will abstain from actions if the actions are typed as unlawful (i.e. prohibited) and the prohibitions are enforced by law enforcement. This philosophy has been the basis for many acts of statutory law throughout history, most notably when a large group of a given population disapproves of and/or feels threatened by an activity in which a smaller group of that population engages, and seeks to render that activity legally prohibited.

Examples

Acts of prohibition have included prohibitions on types of clothing, prohibitions on gambling and exotic dancing, the prohibition of drugs (and cannabis prohibition in particular), prohibitions on tobacco smoking, gun prohibition, and the prohibition of alcohol. Indeed, the period of Prohibition in the United States between 1920 and 1933 due to the Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act often is referred to simply as "Prohibition."

Criticism

The success of a measure of prohibitionism has been criticized as often depending too much upon effective enforcement of the relevant legislation. Some people have argued this is because the majority of the targets of prohibitionism are in the category of victimless crime, where they claim the harm that comes from the crime is non-existent, questionable, or only to the person who performs the act and even then the magnitude of the harm being relatively small.^{[citation needed]} Under this interpretation enforcement becomes a conflict between violation of statue and violation of free will. Since the acts prohibited often are enjoyable, enforcement is often the most harmful choice to the individual. This sometimes results in laws which rarely are enforced by anybody who does not have a financial or personal motivation to do so.^{[citation needed]}

The difficulty of enforcing prohibitionist laws also criticized as resulting in selective enforcement, wherein the enforcers select the people they wish to prosecute based on other criteria, resulting in discrimination based on races, culture, nationality, or financial status. For example, American philosopher Noam Chomsky has criticized drug prohibition as being a technique of social control of the "so-called dangerous classes."

Prohibitionism based laws have the added problem of calling attention to the behavior that they are attempting to prohibit. This can make the behavior interesting and exciting, and cause its popularity to increase. This is essentially in relation with the Streisand effect.

See also

• Gambling
• Gambling in the United States
• Gun prohibition
• Lobbying
• Prohibition
• Prohibition in the United States
• Prohibition of alcohol
• Prohibition of drugs
• Repugnancy costs
• Smokeasy
• Smoking ban
• Speakeasy
• Sumptuary law
• Temperance movement

Notes

External links

• Peter Cohen, Re-thinking drug control policy - Historical perspectives and conceptual tools, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 1993
• Simon Lenton, "Policy from a harm reduction perspective", Current Opinion in Psychiatry 16(3):271-277, May 2003
• Harry G. Levine, "Global drug prohibition: its uses and crises", International Journal of Drug Policy, 14(2): 145-153, April 2003 (journal article)
• Should cannabis be taxed and regulated? (journal article)
• Learning from history: a review of David Bewley-Taylor's The United States and International Drug Control, 1909–1997 (journal article)
• Shifting the main purposes of drug control: from suppression to regulation of use
• Setting goals for drug policy: harm or use reduction?
• Prohibition, pragmatism and drug policy repatriation
• Challenging the UN drug control conventions: problems and possibilities

English Journal

• Heroin maintenance treatment: from idea to research to practice.

• Uchtenhagen AA.SourceResearch Institute for Public Health and Addiction, WHO Collaborating Centre, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland. uchtenhagen@isgf.uzh.ch
• Drug and alcohol review.Drug Alcohol Rev.2011 Mar;30(2):130-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00266.x.
• Maintaining opiate addicts on opiates has a long history. The idea to prescribe pharmaceutical morphine as a substitute for street heroin started in USA and was abolished on the basis of prohibitionist legislation. A new approach to maintain opiate addicts on substitution therapy was initiated in US
• PMID 21375613

• Addict to win? A different approach to doping.

• D'Angelo C, Tamburrini C.SourcePrevention of Drug Abuse and Fight of Drug Trafficking within the Argentinean Government, Beuenos Aires, Argentina.
• Journal of medical ethics.J Med Ethics.2010 Nov;36(11):700-7.
• Traditionally the doping debate has been dominated by those who want to see doping forbidden (the prohibitionist view) and those who want to see it permitted (the ban abolitionist view). In this article, the authors analyse a third position starting from the assertion that doping use is a symptom of
• PMID 20966493

Japanese Journal

• クローン人間禁止理由の法哲学的吟味

• 加藤 尚武
• 生命倫理 9(1), 11-16, 1999-09-13
• 日本国憲法13条の求める「個人としての尊重」「個人の尊厳」は、クローン人間を生むことを否定しているから、刑法によってそれを禁止すべきであるという意見を批判することが、本稿の目的である。核移植で加藤尚武のクローンを作れば、そのクローンは加藤尚武と年齢も生育環境も歴史的環境も異なる。オリジナル人間とクローン人間は完全に識別可能である。もしも遺伝的にDNAがひとしい人を生むことが、禁止の対象になるなら、 …
• NAID 110001236953

• <研究ノート>「高貴な実験」の終焉 : 全国禁酒法の廃止過程

• 岡本 勝
• 同志社アメリカ研究 29, 47-61, 1993-03-25
• 研究ノート, Note
• NAID 110000198884

Related Links

• Prohibitionism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Prohibitionism is a legal philosophy and political theory often used in lobbying which holds that citizens will abstain from actions if the actions are typed as unlawful (i.e. prohibited) and the prohibitions are enforced by law ...

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