WordNet

small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
an ancestor in the direct line (同)primogenitor

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(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
(人・動植物の)先祖 / 創始者,先駆者

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/09 18:44:30」(JST)

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A progenitor cell is a biological cell that, like a stem cell, has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell, but is already more specific than a stem cell and is pushed to differentiate into its "target" cell. The most important difference between stem cells and progenitor cells is that stem cells can replicate indefinitely, whereas progenitor cells can divide only a limited number of times. Controversy about the exact definition remains and the concept is still evolving.^[1]

The terms "progenitor cell" and "stem cell" are sometimes equated.^[2]

Properties[edit source | edit]

Most progenitors are described as oligopotent. In this point of view, they may be compared to adult stem cells. But progenitors are said to be in a further stage of cell differentiation. They are in the “center” between stem cells and fully differentiated cells. The kind of potency they have depends on the type of their "parent" stem cell and also on their niche. Some progenitor cells were found during research, and were isolated. After their marker was found, it was proven that these progenitor could move through the body and migrate towards the tissue where they are needed. Many properties are shared by adult stem cells and progenitor cells. But still, controversy remains because embryonic stem cells are true stem cells in that they are pluripotent and show unlimited capacity for self-renewal. In contrast, many cells termed adult stem cells would be better defined as progenitor cells, as their capacities for unlimited self-renewal and plasticity have not been comprehensively demonstrated.

Progenitor cells are found in adult organisms and they act as a repair system for the body. They replenish special cells, but also maintain the blood, skin and intestinal tissues. They can also be found in developing embryonic pancreatic tissue.

	Stem Cell	Progenitor Cell
Self-renewal in vivo	Unlimited	Limited
Self-renewal in vitro	Unlimited	Limited
Potentiality	Multipotent	Unipotent, sometimes oligopotent
Maintenance of self-renewal	Yes	No
Population	Reaches maximum number of cells before differentiating	Does not reach maximum population

Function[edit source | edit]

The majority of progenitor cells lie dormant or possess little activity in the tissue in which they reside. They exhibit slow growth and their main role is to replace cells lost by normal attrition. In case of tissue injury, damaged or dead cells, progenitor cells can be activated. Growth factors or cytokines are two substances that trigger the progenitors to mobilize toward the damaged tissue. At the same time, they start to differentiate into the target cells. Not all progenitors are mobile and are situated near the tissue of their target differentiation. When the cytokines, growth factors and other cell division enhancing stimulators take on the progenitors, a higher rate of cell division is introduced. It leads to the recovery of the tissue.

Examples[edit source | edit]

The characterization or the defining principle of progenitor cells, in order to separate them from others, is based on the different cell markers rather than their morphological appearance.

Satellite cells found in muscles. They play a major role in muscle cell differentiation and injury recoveries.
Intermediate progenitor cells formed in the subventricular zone.^[3] Some of these transit amplifying neural progenitors migrate via rostral migratory stream to the olfactory bulb and differentiate further into specific types of neural cells.
Bone marrow stromal cells, basal cell of epidermis have 10% of progenitor cell, although they are often classed as stem cells due to their high plasticity and potential for unlimited capacity for self-renewal.
Periosteum contains progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts and chondroblasts.
Pancreatic progenitor cells are among the most-studied progenitors.^[4] They are used in research to develop a cure against diabetes type-1.
Angioblasts or Endothelial progenitor cells (EPC). These are very important for research on fracture and wounds healing.^[5]
Blast cells are involved in generation of B- and T-lymphocytes, which participate in immune responses.^[6]^[7]

Development of the human cerebral cortices[edit source | edit]

Before E40 (embryonic day 40), progenitor cells generate other progenitor cells; after that period, progenitor cells produce only dissimilar daughters. The cells from a single progenitor cell form a proliferative unit that creates one cortical column; these columns contain a variety of neurons with different shapes.

References[edit source | edit]

^ Seaberg, R. M.; Van Der Kooy, D. (2003). "Stem and progenitor cells: The premature desertion of rigorous definitions". Trends in Neurosciences 26 (3): 125–131. doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(03)00031-6. PMID 12591214. edit
^ "progenitor cell" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ Noctor SC, Martínez-Cerdeño V, Kriegstein AR (May 2007). "Contribution of intermediate progenitor cells to cortical histogenesis". Arch. Neurol. 64 (5): 639–42. doi:10.1001/archneur.64.5.639. PMID 17502462.
^ Awong, G. (2011). "Thymus-bound: The many features of T cell progenitors". Frontiers in Bioscience: 961. doi:10.2741/200. edit
^ Barber, C. L.; Iruela-Arispe, M. L. (2006). "The Ever-Elusive Endothelial Progenitor Cell: Identities, Functions and Clinical Implications". Pediatric Research 59 (4 Pt 2): 26R–32R. doi:10.1203/01.pdr.0000203553.46471.18. PMID 16549545. edit
^ Carotta, S.; Nutt, S. L. (2008). "Losing B cell identity". BioEssays 30 (3): 203–207. doi:10.1002/bies.20725. PMID 18293359. edit
^ Awong, G. (2011). "Thymus-bound: The many features of T cell progenitors". Frontiers in Bioscience: 961. doi:10.2741/200. edit

UpToDate Contents

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1. 造血幹細胞の分布 sources of hematopoietic stem cells
2. 同種造血細胞移植後の免疫再構築のための戦略 strategies for immune reconstitution following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation
3. 幹細胞および前駆細胞の動員における組換え造血成長因子の使用 use of recombinant hematopoietic growth factors in stem cell and progenitor cell mobilization
4. 自家造血幹細胞移植の適格性判定 determining eligibility for autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation
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English Journal

Cell Hierarchy, Metabolic Flexibity and Systems Approaches to Cancer Treatment.

Herst PM, Berridge MV.SourceMalaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand. mberridge@malaghan.org.nz.
Current pharmaceutical biotechnology.Curr Pharm Biotechnol.2012 Jun 1. [Epub ahead of print]
The proliferative cancer cell paradigm that has driven cancer drug development for the past 50 years has failed to generate treatments that cure most metastatic adult cancers. This view is supported not only by cumulative experience with conventional cytotoxic anticancer drugs, but also by the appl
PMID 22201593

Japanese Journal

Expansion of mouse hematopoietic progenitor cells in three-dimensional cocultures on frozen-thawed stromal cell layers formed within porous scaffolds

Miyoshi Hirotoshi,Morita Misa,Ohshima Norio,Sato Chiaki
Experimental hematology 43(2), 115-124, 2015-02
… To establish a highly efficient method of ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic cells (HCs), three-dimensional (3D) cocultures of HCs and stromal cell lines were performed using porous polymer scaffolds. …
NAID 120005596201

Crucial role of the Rap G protein signal in Notch activation and leukemogenicity of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Doi Keiko,Imai Takahiko,Kressler Christopher,Yagita Hideo,Agata Yasutoshi,Vooijs Marc,Hamazaki Yoko,Inoue Joe,Minato Nagahiro
Scientific reports 5, 2015-01-23
… The Rap G protein signal regulates Notch activation in early thymic progenitor cells, and deregulated Rap activation (Rap(high)) results in the development of Notch-dependent T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). … We demonstrate that the Rap signal is required for the proliferation and leukemogenesis of established Notch-dependent T-ALL cell lines. …
NAID 120005555511

白血病幹細胞および造血幹細胞はEVI1が制御するGPR56により骨髄ニッチに維持される

齋藤祐介,森下和広
臨床血液 56(4), 375-383, 2015
EVI1高発現急性骨髄性白血病(AML)は治療抵抗性でありその予後は極めて不良である。我々はEVI1高発現AMLに特異的に高発現している接着性G蛋白質共役受容体GPR56を同定しその機能解析を行った。GPR56はEVI1により遺伝子発現が上昇し，下流にあるRhoAを活性化させることでAMLの骨髄ニッチへの細胞接着を制御していた。正常造血幹細胞(HSC)においてもGPR56は高発現しており，GPR5 …
NAID 130005069844

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拡張検索	「erythroid progenitor cell」「erythropoietic progenitor cell」「oligodendrocyte progenitor cell」「pluripotent hematopoietic progenitor cell」
関連記事	「progenitor」「cell」