WordNet

an ancestor in the direct line (同)primogenitor
of or belonging to or inherited from an ancestor
inherited or inheritable by established rules (usually legal rules) of descent; "ancestral home"; "ancestral lore"; "hereditary monarchy"; "patrimonial estate"; "transmissible tradition" (同)hereditary, patrimonial, transmissible
a substance from which another substance is formed (especially by a metabolic reaction)
a person who goes before or announces the coming of another (同)forerunner
someone from whom you are descended (but usually more remote than a grandparent) (同)ascendant, ascendent, antecedent, root
inherited properties shared with others of your bloodline (同)lineage, derivation, filiation

PrepTutorEJDIC

(人・動植物の)先祖 / 創始者,先駆者
祖先の;先祖伝来の
(…の)前朕,前触れ《+『of』+『名』》
(一人の)『先祖』,祖先(forefather) / (事物の)原型,先駆 / (生物の)原型種
《集合的に》先祖,祖先(ancestors) / 家系,家柄(lineage) / (事物の)起源,発達史

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/16 22:38:27」(JST)

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A progenitor is a person or thing from which others are descended or originate.^[1] For example, it is used to refer to the ancestor who started the line of a noble family.

In a wider sense today it is used to refer to the person who originates a movement^[1] or way of life.

Genealogy

The progenitor (German: Stammvater or Ahnherr) is the (sometimes legendary) founder of a family, line of descent, clan or tribe, noble house or people group.^[2] Genealogy (commonly known as family history), understands a progenitor to be the earliest recorded ancestor of a consanguineous family group of descendants.

Progenitors are sometimes used to describe the status of a genealogical research project, or in order to compare the availability of genealogical data in different times and places. Often, progenitors are implied to be patrilineal. If a patrilineal dynasty is considered, each such dynasty has exactly one progenitor.

Aristocratic and dynastic families often look back to an ancestor who is seen as the founder and progenitor of their house (i.e. family line). Even the old Roman legal concept of agnates (Latin for "descendants") was based on the idea of the unbroken family line of a progenitor, but only includes male members of the family, whilst the women were referred to as "cognatic".

It is rarely possible to confirm biological parenthood, however, (see bastardy) in the case of ancient family lines; in addition the progenitor is often a distant ancestor, only known as a result of oral tradition. Where people groups and communities rely solely on a patrilinear family line, their common ancestor often became the subject of a legend surrounding the origin of the family. By contrast, families and peoples with a matrilinear history trace themselves back to an original female progenitrix. Matrilinear rules of descent are found in about 200 of the 1300 known indigenous peoples and ethnic groups worldwide, whilst around 600 have patrilineal rules of descent (from father to son).^[3]

In the mythological beliefs of the Romans the god of war, Mars, was viewed as the progenitor of the Romans;^[4] which is why the Mars symbol (♂, a shield and spear), is used to refer to the male sex. Besides cities and countries, people groups may also have a progenitor (often a god) in their mythologies, for example, the Hellenistic Greeks look back to Hellen as their progenitor. In Indian Hinduism Manu is the progenitor of all mankind. In the Abrahamic religions, Adam, Noah, Abraham and others are described as progenitors (see also Biblical patriarchy).

In archaeogenetics (archaeological genetics) a human Y-chromosomal Adam has been named as the most recent common ancestor from whom all currently living people are descended patrilinearly. This Adam lived in Africa at a time variously estimated from 60,000 to 338,000 years ago.

Examples of patrilineal top ancestors

subject	dynasty	top ancestor	date of top ancestor's death
Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom	Wettin	Dietrich I of Wettin	ca. 976
King Albert II of the Belgians	Wettin	Dietrich I of Wettin	ca. 976
Charlemagne	Carolingian	Bishop Arnulf of Metz	640
Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom	Este	Otbert I, Count Palatine of Italy	975
Queen Margrethe II of Denmark	Oldenburg	Elimar I, Count of Oldenburg	1112
King Hakon V of Norway	Oldenburg	Elimar I, Count of Oldenburg	1112
Prince Charles of the United Kingdom	Oldenburg	Elimar I, Count of Oldenburg	1112
King Felipe VI of Spain	Robertians/Capetians	Robert of Hesbaye	ca. 807

References

^ ^a ^b Soanes, Catherine and Stevenson, Angus (ed.) (2005). Oxford Dictionary of English, 2nd Ed., revised, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, p. 1406. ISBN 978-0-19-861057-1.
^ Duden-Redaktion (2013-01-19). "Stammmutter" (in German). Bibliographisches Institut, Berlin. Retrieved 2013-10-12. Stammvater, der: Mann als Begründer eines Stammes, einer Sippe . Ebenda: Ahnherr: "Stammvater eines Geschlechts".
^ J. Patrick Gray: Ethnographic Atlas Codebook. In: World Cultures. Vol. 10, No. 1, 1998, pp. 86-136, here p. 104: Table 43 Descent: Major Type (one of the few assessments of all 1,267 ethnic groups; pdf file; 2.4 MB; without page nos.): "584 Patrilineal […] 52 Duolateral […] 160 Matrilineal […] 45 Mixed". The Ethnographic Atlas by George P. Murdock contains data sets of 1,300 ethnic groups (as at December 2012 at InterSciWiki), of which often only samples were assessed.
^ Lexikoneintrag (2000–2013). "Mars (Mythologie)". wissen.de (in German). Retrieved 2013-10-12. Mars […] as father of Romulus and Remus, progenitor of the Romans .

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

EGF Suppresses the Initiation and Drives the Reversion of TGF-β1-induced Transition in Hepatic Oval Cells Showing the Plasticity of Progenitor Cells.

Wang P1,2,3, Yang AT1,2, Cong M1,2, Liu TH1,2, Zhang D2, Huang J2, Tong XF1,2, Zhu ST2, Xu Y1,2, Tang SZ1,2, Wang BE1,2, Ma H1,2, Jia JD1,2, You H1,2.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2015 Oct;230(10):2362-70. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24962.
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) induces hepatic progenitors to tumor initiating cells through epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), thus raising an important drawback for stem cell-based therapy. How to block and reverse TGF-β1-induced transition is crucial for progenitors' clinical app
PMID 25739869

The biosynthesis, structure and gelatinization properties of starches from wild and cultivated African rice species (Oryza barthii and Oryza glaberrima).

Wang K1, Wambugu PW2, Zhang B3, Wu AC1, Henry RJ4, Gilbert RG5.
Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2015 Sep 20;129:92-100. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.035. Epub 2015 May 4.
The molecular structure and gelatinization properties of starches from domesticated African rice (Oryza glaberrima) and its wild progenitor (Oryza barthii) are determined and comparison made with Asian domesticated rice (Oryza sativa), the commonest commercial rice. This suggests possible enzymatic
PMID 26050893

Genome instability of ageing stem cells-Induction and defence mechanisms.

Burkhalter MD1, Rudolph KL2, Sperka T3.
Ageing research reviews.Ageing Res Rev.2015 Sep;23(Pt A):29-36. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.01.004. Epub 2015 Feb 7.
The mammalian organism is comprised of tissue types with varying degrees of self-renewal and regenerative capacity. In most organs self-renewing tissue-specific stem and progenitor cells contribute to organ maintenance, and it is vital to maintain a functional stem cell pool to preserve organ homeos
PMID 25668152

Insights into chloroplast biogenesis and development.

Pogson BJ1, Ganguly D1, Albrecht-Borth V2.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2015 Sep;1847(9):1017-24. doi: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.02.003. Epub 2015 Feb 8.
In recent years many advances have been made to obtain insight into chloroplast biogenesis and development. In plants several plastids types exist such as the proplastid (which is the progenitor of all plastids), leucoplasts (group of colourless plastids important for storage including elaioplasts (
PMID 25667967

Japanese Journal

Capturing VE-Cadherin-Positive Endothelial Progenitor Cells for in-stent Vascular Repair

Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 23(1), 46-47, 2016
NAID 130005118652

Silk 3D matrices incorporating human neural progenitor cells for neural tissue engineering applications

Polymer journal 47(12), 819-825, 2015-12
NAID 40020664553

Tie2 Signaling Enhances Mast Cell Progenitor Adhesion to Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) through α4β1 Integrin

PLoS ONE 10(12), e0144436, 2015-12
NAID 120005698372

Optimization of surface-immobilized extracellular matrices for the proliferation of neural progenitor cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells.

Biotechnology and bioengineering 112(11), 2388-2396, 2015-11
NAID 120005690162

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「前駆体」「祖先」「precursor」「ancestor」「ancestral」
拡張検索	「hematopoietic progenitor」「oligodendrocyte progenitor cell」「pluripotent hematopoietic progenitor cell」