関: Ligustrum

WordNet

any of various Old World shrubs having smooth entire leaves and terminal panicles of small white flowers followed by small black berries; many used for hedges
genus of Old World shrubs: privet (同)genus Ligustrum
evergreen shrub of Japan and Korea having small dark leaves and flowers in loose panicles; related to but smaller than Chinese privet (同)Ligustrum japonicum
fast-growing and tightly branched hybrid of Ligustrum ovalifolium and Ligustrum obtusifolium (同)ibota privet, Ligustrum ibolium
eastern Asian shrub cultivated especially for its persistent foliage (同)Ligustrum amurense
evergreen shrub with white flowers and olivelike fruits
hedge of privet plants

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/07/13 15:04:14」(JST)

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Wild privet, also sometimes known as Common privet or European privet (Ligustrum vulgare)

A privet is a flowering plant in the genus Ligustrum. The genus contains about 50 species of erect, deciduous or evergreen shrubs, sometimes forming small or medium-sized trees,^[1] native to Europe, north Africa, Asia, many introduced and naturalised in Australasia, where only one species extends as a native into Queensland. ^[2] Some species have become widely naturalized or invasive where introduced. Privet was originally the name for the European semi-evergreen shrub Ligustrum vulgare, and later also for the more reliably evergreen Ligustrum ovalifolium used extensively for privacy hedging, though now the name is applied to all members of the genus. The generic name was applied by Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE) to L. vulgare.^[3] It is often suggested that the name privet is related to private, but the OED states that there is no evidence to support this.^[4]

Description

Privet is a group of shrubs and small trees of southern and eastern Asia, from the Himalayas extending into Australia. They may be evergreen or deciduous, and are tolerant of different soil types. They often have conspicuous heads of white flower.^[5] followed by black berries.

Uses and cultivation

In addition to being cultivated to create ornamental hedges and foliage, privet is also widely used in horticulture and flower arrangements.^[6] The Oval leaf privet Ligustrum ovalifolium is used for hedges, while its flexible twigs are sometimes used as cords for lashing.^[6] The tree species, especially Chinese privet is frequently used as a street tree in Europe, while other species including Ligustrum japonicum and Ligustrum quihoui are among the others also sometimes used as ornamental plants in gardens.^[7]

Chinese privet is used in traditional herbal medicine.^[8] The decoction of privet leaves or bark helps to treat diarrhea, stomach ulcers, chronic bowel problems, chapped lips, sore mouths and throats, and a wash for skin problems.^[8] Privet leaves and bark have bitter properties that make a useful tea for improving appetite and digestion in chemotherapy patients.^[8]

Some species produce a fruit, which is mildly toxic to humans.^[6]^[9] Symptoms from eating privet fruit include nausea, headache, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, low blood pressure, and low body temperature.^[6]

Ecology

A plant may produce thousands of fruits, most of which are eaten by birds. Privet is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Common Emerald, Common Marbled Carpet, Copper Underling, the Engrailed, Mottled Beauty, Scalloped Hazel, Small Angle Shades, The V-Pug and Willow Beauty.

Invasiveness

Privet is a successful invasive species because of its ability to outcompete and therefore displace native vegetation, due to its adaptability. Various species are now a problem in North America and Australia.

Additional Information

Privet (translated into German as Liguster) is a core part of Michael Frayn's novel: Spies, which was published in 2002.

Selected species

The Integrated Taxonomic Information System lists eleven "accepted" species of Ligustrum.^[10] Additional species are listed in other references.^[11]^[12]^[13]

Ligustrum amamianum (China)
Ligustrum amurense – Amur privet (Northern China)
Ligustrum angustum (China)
Ligustrum australianum – Australian privet (Wet Tropics, NE. & C. Qld, Australia)^[14]
Ligustrum chenaultii (Yunnan Province, China)
Ligustrum compactum (Himalayas, southwest China)
Ligustrum confusum (Himalayas, Khasi Hills)
Ligustrum delavayanum (Southwest China, Myanmar)
Ligustrum expansum (China)
Ligustrum glomeratum (Thailand, Malaysia)
Ligustrum gracile (China)
Ligustrum henryi (Central China)
Ligustrum ibota (Japan)
Ligustrum indicum (Himalayas, Indochina)
Ligustrum japonicum (Japan, Korea)
Ligustrum leucanthum (China)
Ligustrum lianum (China)
Ligustrum liukiuense (Taiwan)
Ligustrum longitubum (China)
Ligustrum lucidum - Chinese privet, Glossy privet (China, Japan, Korea), "Tree" privet (NZ)
Ligustrum massalongianum (Himalayas)
Ligustrum microcarpum (Taiwan); often included in L. sinense.
Ligustrum morrisonense (Taiwan)
Ligustrum obovatilimbum (China)
Ligustrum obtusifolium – Japanese deciduous privet (East Asia)
Ligustrum ovalifolium – Japanese privet, Oval-leaved privet (Japan)
Ligustrum pedunculare (China)
Ligustrum pricei (Taiwan)
Ligustrum punctifolium
Ligustrum quihoui (China)
Ligustrum retusum (China)
Ligustrum robustum (India to Vietnam)
Ligustrum sempervirens (Western China)
Ligustrum sinense – Chinese privet (China, Taiwan)
Ligustrum strongylophyllum (Central China)
Ligustrum tenuipes. (China)
Ligustrum tschonoskii (Japan)
Ligustrum vulgare – Common privet, European privet (Europe, northwest Africa, southwest Asia)
Ligustrum xingrenense (China)
Ligustrum yunguiense (China)

References

^ Webb, C. J.; Sykes, W. R.; Garnock-Jones, P. J. 1988: Flora of New Zealand. Vol. IV. Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. 4. Christchurch, New Zealand, Botany Division, D.S.I.R..
^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 1405332964.
^ Foster, Steven; Rebecca Johnson (2008). National Geographic Desk Reference to Nature's Medicine. National Geographic Books. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-4262-0293-3.
^ "privet, n.1". Oxford English Dictionary. ^{[dead link]}
^ The Hillier Manual of Trees and Shrubs.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Urbatch, L. "Chinese Privet: Plant Guide." (PDF). USDA and NRCS. Retrieved March 15, 2013.
^ European Garden Flora. 4 (2 ed.).
^ ^a ^b ^c National Geographic Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine. Retrieved March 15, 2013.
^ "Plants for a Future".
^ "ITIS Standard Report Page - Ligustrum". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
^ Flora of China: Ligustrum
^ Flora of Taiwan: Ligustrum
^ Flora Europaea: Ligustrum
^ Hyland, B. P. M.; Whiffin, T.; Zich, F. A.; et al. (Dec 2010). "Factsheet – Ligustrum australianum". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants. Edition 6.1, online version [RFK 6.1]. Cairns, Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), through its Division of Plant Industry; the Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research; the Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University. Retrieved 27 June 2013.

External links

English Journal

Learning through the waste: olfactory cues from the colony refuse influence plant preferences in foraging leaf-cutting ants.

Arenas A1, Roces F2.
The Journal of experimental biology.J Exp Biol.2016 Aug 15;219(Pt 16):2490-6. doi: 10.1242/jeb.139568. Epub 2016 Jun 9.
Leaf-cutting ants learn to avoid plants initially harvested if they prove to be harmful for their symbiotic fungus once incorporated into the nest. At this point, waste particles removed from the fungus garden are likely to contain cues originating from both the unsuitable plant and the damaged fung
PMID 27284068

Fundamental Host Range of Leptoypha hospita (Hemiptera: Tingidae), a Potential Biological Control Agent of Chinese Privet.

Zhang Y1, Hanula JL2, Horn S2, Jones C3, Kristine Braman S4, Sun J5.
Environmental entomology.Environ Entomol.2016 Aug;45(4):897-908. doi: 10.1093/ee/nvw062. Epub 2016 Jun 20.
Chinese privet, Ligustrum sinense Lour., is an invasive shrub within riparian areas of the southeastern United States. Biological control is considered the most suitable management option for Chinese privet. The potential host range of the lace bug, Leptoypha hospita Drake et Poor, was evaluated on
PMID 27325627

Differences between urban and rural hedges in England revealed by a citizen science project.

Gosling L1, Sparks TH2, Araya Y3,4, Harvey M3, Ansine J3.
BMC ecology.BMC Ecol.2016 Jul 22;16 Suppl 1:15. doi: 10.1186/s12898-016-0064-1.
BACKGROUND: Hedges are both ecologically and culturally important and are a distinctive feature of the British landscape. However the overall length of hedges across Great Britain is decreasing. Current challenges in studying hedges relate to the dominance of research on rural, as opposed to urban,
PMID 27459990

Identification and characterization of privet leaf blotch-associated virus, a novel idaeovirus.

Navarro B1, Loconsole G2, Giampetruzzi A2, Aboughanem-Sabanadzovic N3, Ragozzino A4, Ragozzino E4, Di Serio F1.
Molecular plant pathology.Mol Plant Pathol.2016 Jun 28. doi: 10.1111/mpp.12450. [Epub ahead of print]
A novel virus has been identified by next-generation sequencing (NGS) in privet (Ligustrum japonicum L.) affected by a graft-transmissible disease characterized by leaf blotch symptoms resembling infectious variegation, a virus-like privet disease with an unclear aetiology. This virus, which has bee
PMID 27349357

Japanese Journal

99. 傷害応答によって生合成されるオレウロペイン糖加水分解産物の構造解析(口頭発表,植物化学調節学会第46回大会)

植物化学調節学会研究発表記録集 (46), 115, 2011-10-03
NAID 110008902508

ネズミモチにおける潜葉虫の空間利用戦略と微気候

日本森林学会大会発表データベース 123(0), Pb148-Pb148, 2011
NAID 130005048144

87.植物の化学防御機構におけるイリドイド配糖体糖加水分解酵素の生化学的研究(口頭発表)

植物化学調節学会研究発表記録集 (45), 104, 2010-10-01
NAID 110007767187

87.植物の防御機構におけるイリドイド配糖体糖加水分解酵素の探索(口頭発表)

植物化学調節学会研究発表記録集 (44), 101, 2009-10-06
NAID 110007468347

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リンク元	「Ligustrum」「イボタ」

「Ligustrum」

Privet
	Ligustrum vulgare
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Oleaceae
Tribe:	Oleeae
Genus:	Ligustrum; L.
Species
	See text

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イボタノキ属、リグストルム属、Ligustrum属

関: privet

「イボタ」

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英: privet
関: イボタノキ属

[1] Webb, C. J.; Sykes, W. R.; Garnock-Jones, P. J. 1988: Flora of New Zealand. Vol. IV. Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. 4. Christchurch, New Zealand, Botany Division, D.S.I.R..

[RHSAZ-2] RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 1405332964.

[3] Foster, Steven; Rebecca Johnson (2008). National Geographic Desk Reference to Nature's Medicine. National Geographic Books. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-4262-0293-3.

[4] "privet, n.1". Oxford English Dictionary. ^{[dead link]}

[Hilliers-5] The Hillier Manual of Trees and Shrubs.

[Urbatch-6] Urbatch, L. "Chinese Privet: Plant Guide." (PDF). USDA and NRCS. Retrieved March 15, 2013.

[EGF-7] European Garden Flora. 4 (2 ed.).

[Nature.E2.80.99s_Medicine_2006-8] National Geographic Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine. Retrieved March 15, 2013.

[9] "Plants for a Future".

[10] "ITIS Standard Report Page - Ligustrum". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2011-06-20.

[foc-11] Flora of China: Ligustrum

[fot-12] Flora of Taiwan: Ligustrum

[fe-13] Flora Europaea: Ligustrum

[AustTRFPK6.1-14] Hyland, B. P. M.; Whiffin, T.; Zich, F. A.; et al. (Dec 2010). "Factsheet – Ligustrum australianum". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants. Edition 6.1, online version [RFK 6.1]. Cairns, Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), through its Division of Plant Industry; the Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research; the Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University. Retrieved 27 June 2013.

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privet