WordNet
- located at or near or behind a part or near the end of a structure
- any connection or unifying bond
- a sheet or band of tough fibrous tissue connecting bones or cartilages or supporting muscles or organs
- shaped like a cross (同)cruciform
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(生物学的に,位置が)後ろの,後部の / (時間・順序が)後の;(…より)後の《+『to』+『名』》(later) / しり(buttocks)
- 靱帯(じんたい)(骨と骨を結びつてけ関節の動きを調節する)
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/12/10 15:01:03」(JST)
wiki en
| Posterior cruciate ligament | |
|---|---|
|
Diagram of the knee
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|
| Details | |
| Latin | ligamentum cruciatum posterius genus |
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From
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posterior intercondylar area of the tibia |
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To
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medial condyle of the femur |
| Identifiers | |
| Gray's | p.342 |
| MeSH | A02.513.514.600 |
| Dorlands /Elsevier |
l_09/12492130 |
| TA | A03.6.08.008 |
| FMA | FMA:44617 |
| Anatomical terminology | |
The posterior cruciate ligament (or PCL) is one of the four major ligaments of the knee. It connects the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia to the medial condyle of the femur. This configuration allows the PCL to resist forces pushing the tibia posteriorly relative to the femur.
In the quadruped stifle (analogous to the human knee), based on its anatomical position, it is referred to as the caudal cruciate ligament.[1]
The PCL is an intracapsular ligament along with the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) because it lies deep within the knee joint. They are both isolated from the fluid-filled synovial cavity, with the synovial membrane wrapped around them. The PCL gets its name by attaching to the posterior portion of the tibia.[2]
Contents
- 1 Epidemiology injuries
- 1.1 Percentage of PCL to other knee injuries
- 1.2 National statistics
- 1.3 Recommendation for surgery
- 2 Injury
- 2.1 How PCL injury occurs
- 2.1.1 Related anatomy
- 2.1.2 Related physiological features
- 2.1.3 The types of mechanisms that lead to PCL injury
- 2.1 How PCL injury occurs
- 3 Prevention
- 3.1 Knee injury
- 3.2 Quadriceps and hamstring ratio
- 3.3 Exercises and stretches
- 4 Treatment
- 5 Rehabilitation
- 5.1 Grades of injury
- 5.2 Rehabilitation options
- 6 Additional images
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Epidemiology injuries
Percentage of PCL to other knee injuries
According to[3] the posterior cruciate ligament injuries only account for 1.5 percent of all knee injuries (figure 2). If it is a single injury to the posterior cruciate ligament that requires surgery only accounted for 1.1 percent compared to all other cruciate surgeries but when there was multiple injuries to the knee the posterior cruciate ligament accounted for 1.2 percent of injuries.
National statistics
In 2010 national statistics was done by [4] for posterior cruciate ligaments injuries. They found that 463 patients were discharge for having some type of PCL injury. The 18–44 year old age group was found to have the highest injuries reported (figure 1). One reason why this age group consists of the majority of injuries to the PCL is because people are still very active in sports at this age. Men were also reported having more injuries to the PCL (figure 3).
Recommendation for surgery
A grade III PCL injury with more than 10mm posterior translation when the posterior drawer examination is performed may be treated surgically. Patients that do not improve stability during physical therapy or develop an increase in pain will be recommended for surgery.[5]
Injury
The posterior drawer test is one of the tests used by doctors and physiotherapists to detect injury to the PCL.
Surgery to repair the posterior cruciate ligament is controversial due to its placement and technical difficulty.[6]
The function of the PCL is to prevent the femur from sliding off the anterior edge of the tibia and to prevent the tibia from displacing posterior to the femur. Common causes of PCL injuries are direct blows to the flexed knee, such as the knee hitting the dashboard in a car accident or falling hard on the knee, both instances displacing the tibia posterior to the femur.[7]
An additional test of posterior cruciate ligament injury is the posterior sag test, where, in contrast to the drawer test, no active force is applied. Rather, the person lies supine with the leg held by another person so that the hip is flexed to 90 degrees and the knee 90 degrees.[8] The main parameter in this test is step-off, which is the shortest distance from the femur to a hypothetical line that tangents the surface of the tibia from the tibial tuberosity and upwards. Normally, the step-off is approximately 1 cm, but is decreased (Grade I) or even absent (Grade II) or inverse (Grade III) in injuries to the posterior cruciate ligament.[9]
Patients who are suspected to have a posterior cruciate ligament injury should always be evaluated for other knee injuries that often occur in combination with an PCL injuries. These include cartilage/meniscus injuries, bone bruises, ACL tears, fractures, posterolateral injuries and collateral ligament injuries.
How PCL injury occurs
In this medial view of the flexed knee, the lateral femoral condyle has been removed to reveal the structure of the PCL. Because the anterolateral bundle is stretched and the posteromedial bundle relaxed during flexion, excessive flexion in the form of hyperflexion causes tensile stress, shown in red, on the anterolateral bundle of the PCL that leads to PCL injury.
Related anatomy
To understand how posterior cruciate ligament injury can occur, one must consider the anatomical and physiological properties of the PCL. The PCL is located within the knee joint where it stabilizes the articulating bones, particularly the femur and the tibia, during movement. It originates from the lateral edge of the medial femoral condyle and the roof of the intercondyle notch [10] then stretches, at a posterior and lateral angle, toward the posterior of the tibia just below its articular surface.[11][12][13][14]
In this medial view of the extended knee, the lateral femoral condyle has been removed to reveal the structure of the PCL. Because the posteromedial bundle is stretched and the anterolateral bundle relaxed during extension, excessive extension in the form of hyperextension causes tensile stress, shown in red, on the posteromedial bundle of the PCL that leads to PCL injury.
Related physiological features
Although each PCL is a unified unit, they are described as separate anterolateral and posteromedial sections based off where each section's attachment site and function.[15] During knee joint movement, the PCL rotates [14][16] such that the anterolateral section stretches in knee flexion but not in knee extension and the posteromedial bundle stretches in extension rather than flexion.[12][17]
The types of mechanisms that lead to PCL injury
In this position, the PCL functions to prevent movement of the tibia in the posterior direction [12][18] and to prevent the tilting or shifting of the patella.[19] However, the respective laxity of the two sections makes the PCL susceptible to injury during hyperflexion, hyperextension,[20] and in a mechanism known as a dashboard injury.[14] Because ligaments are viscoelastic (p. 50 [21]) they can handle higher amounts of stress only when the load is increased slowly (p. 30 [21]). When hyperflexion and hyperextension occur suddenly in combination with this viscoelastic behavior, the PCL deforms or tears.[20] In the third and most common mechanism, the dashboard injury mechanism, the knee experiences impact in a posterior direction during knee flexion toward the space above the tibia.[15][20] These mechanisms occur in excessive external tibial rotation and during falls that induce a combination of extension and adduction of the tibia, which is referred to as varus-extension stress,[15] or that occur while the knee is flexed.[20]
Prevention
Knee injury
Knee injuries are very common among athletes as well as regular active people and can always be prevented. Ligament tears account for more than forty percent of knee injuries and the posterior cruciate ligament is considered one of the less common injuries.[22] Although it is less common, there are still important measures that can be taken in order to prevent this type of knee injury. Maintaining proper exercise and sport technique is crucial for injury prevention, which include not exceeding the body or not going over the proper range of motion of the knee, properly warming up and cooling down[23]
Quadriceps and hamstring ratio
Another important aspect of maintaining an injury free knee is having strong quadriceps and hamstring muscles because they help stabilize the knee. A low hamstring to quadriceps ratio is associated with knee injury and should be about eighty percent.[24] Some exercises to strengthen the quadriceps and hamstring muscles include leg curls, leg lifts, prone knee flexion with resistance band and knee extensions. Some stretches to help prevent injury to the posterior cruciate ligament include stretching of the hamstring muscles by extending the legs, toes pointing up, leaning forward until the stretch is felt and holding for a few seconds.
Exercises that strengthen the knee joints and the hamstrings include prone knee flexion. Where the knee flexes all the way back to the rear end, hold for about 10 seconds, then slowly lower to original position and repeat.
Exercises and stretches
In addition, balancing exercises have also been adopted because it has been proven that people with poor balance have more knee injuries than those with good balance. Wobble boards and Bosu balls are very common pieces of equipment used to balance and help prevent knee injuries as long as they are being used with trained personnel.[25] Another possible preventive measure is wearing knee straps to help stabilize the knee and protect it from injury, especially during demanding sports such as football.[26]
Treatment
It is possible for the PCL to heal on its own. Surgery is usually required in complete tears of the ligament. Surgery usually takes place after a few weeks, in order to allow swelling to decrease and regular motion to return to the knee. A procedure called ligament reconstruction is used to replace the torn PCL with a new ligament, which is usually a graft taken from the hamstring or Achilles tendon from a host cadaver. An arthroscope allows a complete evaluation of the entire knee joint, including the knee cap (patella), the cartilage surfaces, the meniscus, the ligaments (ACL & PCL), and the joint lining. Then, the new ligament is attached to the bone of the thigh and lower leg with screws to hold it in place.[27]
Rehabilitation
Grades of injury
The posterior cruciate ligament is located within the knee
The posterior cruciate ligament is located within the knee. Ligaments are sturdy bands of tissues that connect bones. Similar to the anterior cruciate ligament, the PCL connects the femur to the tibia. There are four different grades of classification in which medical doctor’s classify a PCL injury: Grade I, the PCL has a slight tear. Grade II, the PCL ligament is minimally torn and becomes loose. Grade III, the PCL is torn completely and the knee can now be categorized as unstable. Grade IV, the ligament is damaged along with another ligament housed in the knee (i.e. ACL). With these grades of PCL injuries, there are different treatments available for such injuries.
Rehabilitation options
It is possible for the PCL to heal on its own without surgery when it is in Grades I and II. PCL injuries that are diagnosed in these categories can have their recovery times reduced by performing certain rehabilitative exercises. Fernandez and Pugh(2012) found that following a PCL grade II diagnosis, a multimodal[disambiguation needed] treatment that spanned over the course of 8 weeks consisting of chiropractic lumbopelvic manipulation, physiotherapy, and implementing an exercise program that emphasized in eccentric muscle contraction (lunges, 1-leg squats, and trunk stabilization) which proved to be an effective way to recover from the PCL injury.[28] For Grades III and IV, operative surgery is recommended or is usually needed. Grafts is the method when addressing PCL injuries that are in need of operative surgery. With grafts, there are different methods such as the tibial inlay or tunnel method.[29]
This picture shows the rehabilitative exercise called a “lunge” used to treat and strengthen PCL injuries.
Additional images
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Left knee-joint from behind, showing interior ligaments.
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Head of right tibia seen from above, showing menisci and attachments of ligaments.
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Capsule of right knee-joint (distended). Posterior aspect.
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Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation demonstrating normal signal of both anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (arrows).
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Anterior view of knee.
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Right knee in extension. Deep dissection. Posterior view.
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Right knee in extension. Deep dissection. Posterior view.
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Knee and tibiofibular joint.Deep dissection. Anterior view.
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Knee and tibiofibular joint.Deep dissection. Anterior view.
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Knee joint. Deep dissection. Anterior view
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Knee joint. Deep dissection. Anterior view.
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Knee joint. Deep dissection. Posterior view
References
- ^ Blood, Douglas C.; Studdert, Virginia P.; Gay, Clive C. (2007). (ed.). "Cruciate". Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary (3rd ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7020-2788-8. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
- ^ Saladin, K. S. 2010. Anatomy & Physiology: 5th edition. McGraw-Hill
- ^ Majewski et al.
- ^ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
- ^ (Mariani teal., 2002)
- ^ Jonathan Cluett, M.D. (2003-08-05). "Injuries to the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)". about.com. Retrieved 2006-11-11.
- ^ http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001075.htm
- ^ Posterior Sag Test From The University of West Alabama, Athletic Training & Sports Medicine Center. Retrieved Feb 2011
- ^ Page 719 in: Cole, Brian; Miller, Mark J. (2004). Textbook of arthroscopy. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-0013-1.
- ^ Amis, AA.; Gupte, CM.; Bull, AM.; Edwards, A. (Mar 2006). "Anatomy of the posterior cruciate ligament and the meniscofemoral ligaments.". Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 14 (3): 257–63. doi:10.1007/s00167-005-0686-x. PMID 16228178.
- ^ Girgis, FG.; Marshall, JL.; Monajem, A. "The cruciate ligaments of the knee joint. Anatomical, functional and experimental analysis.". Clin Orthop Relat Res (106): 216–31. PMID 1126079.
- ^ a b c Chandrasekaran, S.; Ma, D.; Scarvell, JM.; Woods, KR.; Smith, PN. (Dec 2012). "A review of the anatomical, biomechanical and kinematic findings of posterior cruciate ligament injury with respect to non-operative management.". Knee 19 (6): 738–45. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2012.09.005. PMID 23022245.
- ^ Edwards, A.; Bull, AM.; Amis, AA. (Mar 2007). "The attachments of the fiber bundles of the posterior cruciate ligament: an anatomic study.". Arthroscopy 23 (3): 284–90. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2006.11.005. PMID 17349472.
- ^ a b c Voos, JE.; Mauro, CS.; Wente, T.; Warren, RF.; Wickiewicz, TL. (Jan 2012). "Posterior cruciate ligament: anatomy, biomechanics, and outcomes.". Am J Sports Med 40 (1): 222–31. doi:10.1177/0363546511416316. PMID 21803977.
- ^ a b c Malone, AA.; Dowd, GS.; Saifuddin, A. (Jun 2006). "Injuries of the posterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral corner of the knee.". Injury 37 (6): 485–501. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2005.08.003. PMID 16360655.
- ^ DeFrate, LE.; Gill, TJ.; Li, G. (Dec 2004). "In vivo function of the posterior cruciate ligament during weightbearing knee flexion.". Am J Sports Med 32 (8): 1923–8. doi:10.1177/0363546504264896. PMID 15572322.
- ^ Race, A.; Amis, AA. (Jan 1994). "The mechanical properties of the two bundles of the human posterior cruciate ligament.". J Biomech 27 (1): 13–24. doi:10.1016/0021-9290(94)90028-0. PMID 8106532.
- ^ Castle, TH.; Noyes, FR.; Grood, ES. (Nov 1992). "Posterior tibial subluxation of the posterior cruciate-deficient knee.". Clin Orthop Relat Res (284): 193–202. doi:10.1097/00003086-199211000-00027. PMID 1395293.
- ^ von Eisenhart-Rothe, R.; Lenze, U.; Hinterwimmer, S.; Pohlig, F.; Graichen, H.; Stein, T.; Welsch, F.; Burgkart, R. (2012). "Tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint 3D-kinematics in patients with posterior cruciate ligament deficiency compared to healthy volunteers.". BMC Musculoskelet Disord 13 (1): 231. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-13-231. PMID 23181354.
- ^ a b c d Janousek, AT.; Jones, DG.; Clatworthy, M.; Higgins, LD.; Fu, FH. (Dec 1999). "Posterior cruciate ligament injuries of the knee joint.". Sports Med 28 (6): 429–41. doi:10.2165/00007256-199928060-00005. PMID 10623985.
- ^ a b Hamill, Joseph; Knutzen, Kathleen. (2009). Biomechanical basis of human movemen. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-9128-1.
- ^ Rigby, J. M., & Porter, K. M. (2010). Posterior cruciate ligament injuries. Trauma, 12(3), 175-181
- ^ Sancheti, P., Razi, M., Ramanathan, E., & Yung, P. (2010). Injuries around the knee – Symposium. British Journal Of Sports Medicine
- ^ Daneshjoo, A., Mokhtar, A., Rahnama, N., & Yusof, A. (2012). The Effects of Injury Preventive Warm-Up Programs on Knee Strength Ratio in Young Male Professional Soccer Players. Plos ONE, 7(12), 1-7.
- ^ Hrysomallis, C. (2007). Relationship Between Balance Ability, Training and Sports Injury Risk. Sports Medicine, 37(6), 547-557
- ^ Altonen, S., Karjalainen, H., Heinonen, A., Parkhari, J., & Kujala, U. M. (2007). Prevention of Sports Injuries. Archives Of Internal Medicine, 167(15), 1585-1592.
- ^ http://www.orthspec.com/pdfs/PCL-injuries.pdf
- ^ Fernandez, M. , Pugh, D. (2012) Multimodal and interdisciplinary management of an isolated partial tear of the posterior cruciate ligament: a case report. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine. 11(2), 84-93.
- ^ Wind, W. M., Bergfeld, J. A., & Parker, R. D. (2004). Evaluation and treatment of posterior cruciate ligament injuries: Revisited. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 32(7), 1765-1775. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/17710416?accountid=10357
External links
- Posterior+cruciate+ligament at eMedicine Dictionary
- MedicalMnemonics.com: 2081
- lljoints at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (antkneejointopenflexed)
- http://www.cincinnatisportsmed.com/csm/index.asp?ipath=patedu/knee/pcl.htm
- Dealing with Torn Ligament in the Knee
- http://www.orthspec.com/pdfs/PCL-injuries.pdf
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UpToDate Contents
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- 1. Posterior cruciate ligament injury
- 2. 膝の身体診察 physical examination of the knee
- 3. 前十字靱帯損傷 anterior cruciate ligament injury
- 4. 小児または骨格が未成熟な思春期における急性膝関節痛に対するアプローチ approach to acute knee pain and injury in children and skeletally immature adolescents
- 5. 成人における膝痛の総合的評価 general evaluation of the adult with knee pain
English Journal
- Does a Modified Gap-balancing Technique Result in Medial-pivot Knee Kinematics in Cruciate-retaining Total Knee Arthroplasty?: A Pilot Study.
- Fitz W, Sodha S, Reichmann W, Minas T.SourceDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, wfitz@partners.org.
- Clinical orthopaedics and related research.Clin Orthop Relat Res.2012 Jan;470(1):91-8.
- BACKGROUND: Normal knee kinematics is characterized by posterior femorotibial rollback with tibial internal rotation and medial-pivot rotation in flexion. Cruciate-retaining TKAs (CR-TKAs) do not reproduce normal knee kinematics.QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We hypothesized a more anatomic reconstruction of t
- PMID 21984353
Japanese Journal
- Technique of anatomical single bundle ACL reconstruction with rounded rectangle femoral dilator
- Knee 23(1), 91-96, 2016-01-01
- NAID 120005743905
- 核磁気共鳴画像による膝関節の屈曲に伴うヒト後十字靱帯の生体内力学挙動解析
- 実験力学 16(2), 127-133, 2016
- NAID 130005165138
- Comparison of knee laxity and isokinetic muscle strength in patients with a posterior cruciate ligament injury
- Journal of Physical Therapy Science 28(3), 831-836, 2016
- NAID 130005141170
Related Links
- The posterior cruciate ligament is located in the back of the knee. It is one of several ligaments that connect the femur (thighbone) to the tibia (shinbone). The posterior cruciate ligament keeps the tibia from moving backwards too ...
- Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) Injury - description of symptoms, causes and treatment, including images ... Symptoms Symptoms of a PCL injury typically include pain at the time of injury which, over time, may also be felt in the ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「後十字靭帯」 |
| 関連記事 | 「posterior」「cruciate」 |
「後十字靭帯」
- 英
- posterior cruciate ligament (KH,K) PCL
- ラ
- ligamentum cruciatum posterius
- 関
- 膝関節、前十字靭帯
臨床関連
「posterior」
- adj.
- 後側の、後方の、後の
「cruciate」