portrait

　 　

WordNet

1. any likeness of a person, in any medium; "the photographer made excellent portraits" (同)portrayal
2. a painter or drawer of portraits (同)portrait painter, portrayer, limner
3. the activity of making portraits
4. a portrait of yourself created by yourself
5. a compound camera lens with a relatively high aperture
6. a camera with a portrait lens

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (…の)『肖像画』,肖像(人物)写真《+『of』+『名』》 / (人物などの)言葉による描写《+『of』+『名』》
2. 肖像画家,人物写真家
3. 肖像画法 / 肖像画
4. 自画像

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/12 12:48:52」(JST)

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For other uses, see Portrait (disambiguation).

Portrait of Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale, 1805. New-York Historical Society.

Roman-Egyptian funeral portrait of a young boy

Moche Ceramic Portrait. Larco Museum Collection. Lima-Peru

A portrait is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, personality, and even the mood of the person. For this reason, in photography a portrait is generally not a snapshot, but a composed image of a person in a still position. A portrait often shows a person looking directly at the painter or photographer, in order to most successfully engage the subject with the viewer.

History

Main article: Portrait painting

The oldest known portrait in the world comes from Czech Republic. It shows a woman face and was made from mammoth ivory and is about 26,000 years old. Some of the earliest surviving painted portraits of people, who were not kings or emperors, are the funeral portraits that survived in the dry climate of Egypt's Fayum district. These are almost the only paintings from the classical world that have survived, apart from frescos, though many sculptures survive, and portraits on coins.

The art of the portrait flourished in Ancient Greek and especially Roman sculpture, where sitters demanded individualized and realistic portraits, even unflattering ones. During the 4th century, the portrait began to retreat in favor of an idealized symbol of what that person looked like. (Compare the portraits of Roman Emperors Constantine I and Theodosius I at their entries.) In the Europe of the Early Middle Ages representations of individuals are mostly generalized. True portraits of the outward appearance of individuals re-emerged in the late Middle Ages, in tomb monuments, donor portraits, miniatures in illuminated manuscripts and then panel paintings.

Moche culture of Peru was one of the few ancient civilizations which produced portraits. These works accurately represent anatomical features in great detail. The individuals portrayed would have been recognizable without the need for other symbols or a written reference to their names. The individuals portrayed were members of the ruling elite, priests, warriors and even distinguished artisans.

They were represented during several stages of their lives. The faces of gods were also depicted. To date, no portraits of women have been found. There is particular emphasis on the representation of the details of headdresses, hairstyles, body adornment and face painting.

One of the best-known portraits in the Western world is Leonardo da Vinci's painting titled Mona Lisa, which is a painting of Lisa del Giocondo. The world's oldest known portrait was found in 2006 in the Vilhonneur grotto near Angoulême and is thought to be 27,000 years old.

Orientation of head in 2-dimensional artwork

Portrait illustrating three-quarter view.

Profile view, full face view, and three-quarter view, are three common designations for portraits, each referring to a particular orientation of the head of the individual depicted. Such terms would tend to have greater applicability to two-dimensional artwork such as photography and painting than to three-dimensional artwork such as sculpture. In the case of three-dimensional artwork, the viewer can usually alter their orientation to the artwork by moving around it.

Self-portraiture

Main article: self-portrait

When the artist creates a portrait of him- or herself, it is called a self-portrait. Identifiable examples become numerous in the late Middle Ages, but if the definition is extended the first was by the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten's sculptor Bak, who carved a representation of himself and his wife Taheri c. 1365 BC. However, it seems likely that self-portraits go back to the cave paintings, the earliest representational art, and literature records several classical examples that are now lost.

Portrait photography

Main article: Portrait photography

Portrait photography is a popular commercial industry all over the world. Many people enjoy having professionally made family portraits to hang in their homes, or special portraits to commemorate certain events, such as graduations or weddings. Since the dawn of photography, people have made portraits. The popularity of the daguerreotype in the middle of the 19th century was due in large part to the demand for inexpensive portraiture. Studios sprang up in cities around the world, some cranking out more than 500 plates a day. The style of these early works reflected the technical challenges associated with 30-second exposure times and the painterly aesthetic of the time. Subjects were generally seated against plain backgrounds and lit with the soft light of an overhead window and whatever else could be reflected with mirrors.

As photographic techniques developed, an intrepid group of photographers took their talents out of the studio and onto battlefields, across oceans and into remote wilderness. William Shew's Daguerreotype Saloon, Roger Fenton's Photographic Van and Mathew Brady's What-is-it? wagon set the standards for making portraits and other photographs in the field.

Politics

In politics, portraits of the leader are often used as a symbol of the state. In most countries it is common protocol for a portrait of the head of state to appear in important government buildings. Excessive use of a leader's portrait, such as that done of Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler, or Mao Zedong, can be indicative of a personality cult.

Literature

Main article: Portrait (literature)

In literature the term portrait refers to a written description or analysis of a person or thing. A written portrait often gives deep insight, and offers an analysis that goes far beyond the superficial. For example, American author Patricia Cornwell wrote a best-selling book titled Portrait of a Killer about the personality, background, and possible motivations of Jack the Ripper, as well as the media coverage of his murders, and the subsequent police investigation of his crimes.

Gallery

• Vincent van Gogh, Self-portrait

• Stanisław Masłowski, ca 1905, Portrait of Artist's Wife, drypoint, 11.5x7.7 cm, National Museum in Warsaw

• Mathew Brady, Portrait photograph of Thomas Dilward

• Augusto De Luca. Portrait photograph

• The large portrait of Mao Zedong hanging in Tiananmen Square is a well-known example of political portraiture

See also

• Caricature
• Environmental portrait
• Head shot
• Hidden faces
• Hierarchy of genres
• Painting the Century: 101 Portrait Masterpieces 1900–2000
• Portrait painting
• Self-portrait
• The Portrait Now
• The Portrait of a Lady, a novel published in 1881 and a film in 1996

References

External links

• How to Draw Faces, a how-to article from wikiHow
• Digitaler Portraitindex
• National Portrait Gallery of the Smithsonian Institution
• National Portrait Gallery London
• National Portrait Gallery Moscow
• Painting The Century 101 Portrait Masterpieces
• Jeanne Ivy's Self-Portrait Page - What Artists Find When They Search in the Mirror.
• Portrait Detectives - Fun interactive introduction to the analysis of portraiture.
• Reportret - A gallery of reconstructions of missing portraits from world history.
• Royal Society of Portrait Painters
• United Portraits - Using Modern Techniques to Get your Portrait done
• The oldest portrait in the world
• The oldest known portrait in the world

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 米国におけるホームレスの健康管理 healthcare of homeless persons in the united states
• 2. 小児における身体的虐待：診断的評価とマネージメント physical abuse in children diagnostic evaluation and management

English Journal

• Profiling the repertoire of T-cell receptor beta-chain variable genes in peripheral blood lymphocytes from subjects who have recovered from acute hepatitis B virus infection.

• Yang J, Chen J, He J, Xie Y, Zhu Y, Cao H, Li L.Author information 1] State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China [2] Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.AbstractThe profile of T-cell receptor beta-chain variable (TRBV) genes usually skews in subjects with virus infection or cancer. The gene melting spectral pattern (GMSP) can be used to determine the profile of the TRBV gene family. To explore the portrait of the TRBV family in peripheral blood lymphocytes from subjects who have recovered from acute hepatitis B virus infection (AHI), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were separated and further sorted into CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets. The molecular features of the TRBV complementary determining region 3 (CDR3) motifs were determined using GMSP analysis. When a GMSP profile showed a single peak, the monoclonally expanded TRBV gene was cloned and sequenced. Skewed expansions of multiple TRBV genes were observed among the CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets and the PBMCs. The frequency of monoclonally expanded TRBV genes in the CD8+ T-cell subset was significantly higher than that of the CD4+ T-cell subset and the PBMCs. Compared to other members of the TRBV gene family, TRBV11, BV15 and BV20 were predominantly expressed in the repertoire of peripheral blood lymphocytes in recovered AHI subjects. The relatively conserved amino acid motifs of TRBV5.1 and BV20 CDR3 were also detected in the CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets. These results demonstrate the presence of multiple biased TRBV families in recovered AHI subjects. TRBV11, BV15 and BV20, especially from the CD8+ T-cell subset, may be relevant to the pathogenesis of subjects with AHI. The preferentially selected TRBV5.1 and BV20 with the relatively conserved CDR3 motif may be potential targets for personalized treatments of chronic HBV infection.Cellular & Molecular Immunology advance online publication, 21 April 2014; doi:10.1038/cmi.2014.22.
• Cellular & molecular immunology.Cell Mol Immunol.2014 Apr 21. doi: 10.1038/cmi.2014.22. [Epub ahead of print]
• The profile of T-cell receptor beta-chain variable (TRBV) genes usually skews in subjects with virus infection or cancer. The gene melting spectral pattern (GMSP) can be used to determine the profile of the TRBV gene family. To explore the portrait of the TRBV family in peripheral blood lymphocytes
• PMID 24747301

• A murine uterine transcriptome, responsive to steroid receptor coactivator-2, reveals transcription factor 23 as essential for decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells.

• Kommagani R1, Szwarc MM, Kovanci E, Creighton CJ, O'Malley BW, Demayo FJ, Lydon JP.Author information 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.AbstractRecent data from human and mouse studies strongly support an indispensable role for steroid receptor coactivator-2 (SRC-2)-a member of the p160/SRC family of coregulators-in progesterone-dependent endometrial stromal cell decidualization, an essential cellular transformation process that regulates invasion of the developing embryo into the maternal compartment. To identify the key progesterone-induced transcriptional changes that are dependent on SRC-2 and required for endometrial decidualization, we performed comparative genome-wide transcriptional profiling of endometrial tissue RNA from ovariectomized SRC-2(flox/flox) (SRC-2(f/f) [control]) and PR(cre/+)/SRC-2(flox/flox) (SRC-2(d/d) [SRC-2-depleted]) mice, acutely treated with vehicle or progesterone. Although data mining revealed that only a small subset of the total progesterone-dependent transcriptional changes is dependent on SRC-2 (∼13%), key genes previously reported to mediate progesterone-driven endometrial stromal cell decidualization are present within this subset. Along with providing a more detailed molecular portrait of the decidual transcriptional program governed by SRC-2, the degree of functional diversity of these progesterone mediators underscores the pleiotropic regulatory role of SRC-2 in this tissue. To showcase the utility of this powerful informational resource to uncover novel signaling paradigms, we stratified the total SRC-2-dependent subset of progesterone-induced transcriptional changes in terms of novel gene expression and identified transcription factor 23 (Tcf23), a basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factor, as a new progesterone-induced target gene that requires SRC-2 for full induction. Importantly, using primary human endometrial stromal cells in culture, we demonstrate that TCF23 function is essential for progesterone-dependent decidualization, providing crucial translational support for this transcription factor as a new decidual mediator of progesterone action.
• Biology of reproduction.Biol Reprod.2014 Apr 10;90(4):75. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.117531. Print 2014.
• Recent data from human and mouse studies strongly support an indispensable role for steroid receptor coactivator-2 (SRC-2)-a member of the p160/SRC family of coregulators-in progesterone-dependent endometrial stromal cell decidualization, an essential cellular transformation process that regulates i
• PMID 24571987

• Campylobacter ureolyticus: A portrait of the pathogen.

• O'Donovan D1, Corcoran GD2, Lucey B1, Sleator RD1.Author information 1Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland.2Department of Diagnostic Microbiology; Cork University Hospital; Wilton, Cork, Ireland.AbstractHerein, we provide a brief overview of the emerging bacterial pathogen Campylobacter ureolyticus. We describe the identification of the pathogen by molecular as opposed to classical culture based diagnostics and discuss candidate reservoirs of infection. We also review the available genomic data, outlining some of the major virulence factors, and discuss how these mechanisms likely contribute to pathogenesis of the organism.
• Virulence.Virulence.2014 Apr 9;5(4). [Epub ahead of print]
• Herein, we provide a brief overview of the emerging bacterial pathogen Campylobacter ureolyticus. We describe the identification of the pathogen by molecular as opposed to classical culture based diagnostics and discuss candidate reservoirs of infection. We also review the available genomic data, ou
• PMID 24717836

• Portrait, treatment choices and management of breast cancer in nonagenarians: An ongoing challenge.

• Méry B1, Assouline A2, Rivoirard R1, Bosacki C1, Auberdiac P3, Falk AT4, Trone JC5, Guy JB5, Jacquin JP1, Merrouche Y1, Chargari C6, Magné N7.Author information 1Departement of Medical Oncology, Institut Lucien Neuwirth, St. Priest en Jarez Cedex, France.2Department of Radiotherapy, Clinical Center of Porte de Saint Cloud, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.3Department of Radiotherapy, Clinique Claude Bernard, Albi, France.4Departement of Radiotherapy, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France.5Departement of Radiotherapy, Institut Lucien Neuwirth, St. Priest en Jarez Cedex, France.6Department of Radiotherapy, Instruction Armed Val-de-Grace Hospital, Paris 75230, France.7Departement of Radiotherapy, Institut Lucien Neuwirth, St. Priest en Jarez Cedex, France. Electronic address: nicolas.Magne@icloire.fr.AbstractThere are only scarce data on the management of nonagenarians with breast cancer, and more particularly on the place of radiation therapy (RT). We report a retrospective study on patients aged 90 years old or older, with breast cancer, receiving RT. Records from RT departments from five institutions were reviewed to identify patients 90 years old of age and older undergoing RT over past decade for breast cancer. Tumors' characteristics were examined, as well treatment specificities and treatment intent. 44 patients receiving RT courses were identified, mean age 92 years. Treatment was given with curative and palliative intent in 72.7% and 27.3% respectively. Factors associated with a curative treatment were performance status (PS), place of life, previous surgery, and tumor stage. Median total prescribed dose was 40 Gy (23-66). Hypo fractionation was used in 77%. Most toxicities were mild to moderate. RT could not be completed in 1 patient (2.3%). No long-term toxicity was reported. Among 31 patients analyzable for effectiveness, 24 patients (77.4%) had their diseased controlled until last follow-up, including 17 patients (54.8%) experiencing complete response. At last follow-up, 4 patients (12.9%) were deceased, cancer being cause of death for two of them. The study shows that breast/chest RT is feasible in nonagenarians. Although the definitive benefit of RT could not be addressed here, hypofractionated therapy allowed a good local control with acceptable side effects.
• Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland).Breast.2014 Apr 8. pii: S0960-9776(14)00050-2. doi: 10.1016/j.breast.2014.03.006. [Epub ahead of print]
• There are only scarce data on the management of nonagenarians with breast cancer, and more particularly on the place of radiation therapy (RT). We report a retrospective study on patients aged 90 years old or older, with breast cancer, receiving RT. Records from RT departments from five institutions
• PMID 24725451

Japanese Journal

• チェリャビンスク : 小惑星空中爆発の描像

• クリング デビッド,ボスロー マーク,伊藤 孝士 [訳]
• パリティ 30(9), 4-12, 2015-09
• NAID 40020562494

• 写真紀行 東北の海へ : A Pictorial Portrait around the Tohoku(第7回・最終回)青森県三戸郡階上町~下北郡大間町

• 大沼 英樹
• ラメール : 海と船の雑誌 40(3), 1-8, 2015-05
• NAID 40020462919

• イリヤ・レーピン《イクスクルの肖像》再評価への試論 : 帝政末期ロシアの貴婦人と画家の交流

• 早川 萌
• 比較文学・文化論集 32, 2015-03-31
• NAID 120005593764

• 自分描画法(Self-Portrait Method)の実施手順

• 小山 充道
• 藤女子大学人間生活学部紀要 52, 75-90, 2015-03-31
• … This study was the final phase of a basic clinical research project on the Self-Portrait Method (SPM). …
• NAID 110009931408

Related Links

• Portrait - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A portrait is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, personality, and even the mood of the person. For this reason, in ...

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