WordNet

a pattern of symptoms indicative of some disease
a complex of concurrent things; "every word has a syndrome of meanings"
relating to or suggesting swine; "comparison between human and porcine pleasures"

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(疾患の徴候となる一群の)症徴候,症候群 / (事件・社会的状態などのパターンを示す)徴候形態
衰弱(荒廃)させる
豚の,豚に似た

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/12/28 17:20:11」(JST)

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Porcine circoviral disease (PCVD) and Porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD), is a disease seen in domestic pigs. This disease causes illness in piglets, with clinical signs including progressive loss of body condition, visibly enlarged lymph nodes, difficulty in breathing, and sometimes diarrhea, pale skin, and jaundice.^[1]^[2] PCVD is very damaging to the pig-producing industry and has been reported worldwide. PCVD is caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2).^[3]

The North American industry^[4]^[5] endorses "PCVAD" and European use "PCVD" to describe this disease.^[6]^[7]

PMWS and PCV-2

Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome ("PMWS") is the classic PCVD entity, caused by PCV-2.^[1] PCV-2 has a near universal distribution – present in most pig herds. In contrast, PMWS is more sporadic in its distribution. Experimental induction of PMWS has not been achieved by PCV-2 infection alone, using infectious DNA clones of the virus or a pure form of PCV-2 derived from infectious DNA clones. Therefore, it is assumed that PMWS is a multifactorial disease. PCV-2 is necessary but not sufficient for the development of PMWS. However, viral infection by itself tends to cause only mild disease, and co-factors such as other infections or immunostimulation seem necessary for development of severe disease.[1] For example, concurrent infection with porcine parvovirus or PRRS virus, or immunostimulation lead to increased replication of PCV-2 and more severe disease in PCV-2-infected pigs.^[1] There is no significant correlation of the disease with virus sequence variation with affected and control pigs.

Clinical signs

Both PMWS and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) are associated to PCV-2.^[8] Many pigs affected by the circovirus also seem to develop secondary bacterial infections, like Glässer disease (Haemophilus parasuis), pulmonary pasteurellosis, colibacilosis, salmonellosis and others.^[9] Postmortem lesions occur in multiple organs, especially in lymphoid tissues and lung, giving rise to the term "multisystemic".^[1]^[2]^[10] Lesions may also affect the skin, kidney, reproductive tissue, brain, or blood vessels.^[1]

Wasting pigs is the most common sign of PMWS infection, increasing the mortality rate significantly.

Management practices to decrease severity of PMWS

François Madec, a French author, has written many recommendations on how reduce PMWS symptoms. They are mostly measures for disinfection, management, and hygiene, referred to as the "20 Madec Points" [Madec & Waddilove, 2002].

These measures have recently been expanded upon by Dr. David Barcellos, a professor at the Veterinary College in the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. He presented these points at "1st Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Symposium about swine management, reproduction, and hygiene".

He divided his points by pig growth stage, and they can be loosely summarized as:

keep the gutters clean
increase feeder space
use pens or small cages with solid dividers
avoid mixing pigs from different origins
improve the quality of air
decrease maximum capacity, giving each pig more room
separate sick animals as soon as possible, and treat them in a hospital pen. If they do not respond to antibiotics in three days, they should be culled
control access of people and other animals
reduce invironmental stress factors such as gases and air currents
use immunizations and preventive medications for secondary agents commonly associated with PMWS

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Ellis, J (March 2014). "Porcine Circovirus: A Historical Perspective". Veterinary Pathology. 51 (2): 315–327. doi:10.1177/0300985814521245. PMID 24569612. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
^ ^a ^b Opriessnig, T; Langohr I (January 2013). "Current state of knowledge on porcine circovirus type 2-associated lesions". Veterinary Pathology. 50 (1): 23–38. doi:10.1177/0300985812450726. PMID 22692624.
^ Mankertz P (2008). "Molecular Biology of Porcine Circoviruses". Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-22-6.
^ Gagnon, Carl A.; Tremblay, Donald; Tijssen, Peter; Venne, Marie-Hélène; Houde, Alain; Elahi, Seyyed Mehdy (2007-08-01). "The emergence of porcine circovirus 2b genotype (PCV-2b) in swine in Canada". The Canadian Veterinary Journal. La Revue Vétérinaire Canadienne. 48 (8): 811–819. ISSN 0008-5286. PMC 1914312 . PMID 17824323.
^ Opriessnig, Tanja; Meng, Xiang-Jin; Halbur, Patrick G. (2007-11-01). "Porcine circovirus type 2 associated disease: update on current terminology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and intervention strategies". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 19 (6): 591–615. doi:10.1177/104063870701900601. ISSN 1040-6387. PMID 17998548.
^ Harding, John C. S. (16–19 Jan 2007), "History of Porcine Circoviral Disease (PCVD) and Current Western Canadian Situation" (PDF), in Ball, Ronald O.; Ruurd T. Zijlstra, Proceedings of the 2007 Banff Pork Seminar, Banff: University of Alberta, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, p. 27, archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-22
^ Desrosiers, Robert (16–19 Jan 2007), "Overview of PCVD - The Disease in Eastern Canada & US vs. Europe" (PDF), in Ball, Ronald O.; Ruurd T. Zijlstra, Proceedings of the 2007 Banff Pork Seminar, Banff: University of Alberta, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, p. 35, archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-22
^ Barcellos & Pescador, 2003 and Segalés & Domingo, 2000
^ David Barcellos, 2006
^ Harding & Clark, 1997

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English Journal

Two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labeling approach revealed first proteome profiles of pulmonary alveolar macrophages infected with porcine circovirus type 2.

Liu J, Bai J, Lu Q, Zhang L, Jiang Z, Michal JJ, He Q, Jiang P.SourceKey Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095,China.
Journal of proteomics.J Proteomics.2012 Dec 10. pii: S1874-3919(12)00781-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.11.024. [Epub ahead of print]
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) has been identified as the essential causal agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, which has spread worldwide. Monocyte/macrophage lineage cells are the major target cells of PCV2. To discover cellular protein responses of pulmonary alveolar macrophages
PMID 23238063

Complete genome sequence of porcine circovirus 2b strain shandong.

Xu S, Li J, Yuan X, Wang G, Shi J, Wu J, Cong X, Sun W, Du Y, Chai T, Wang J.SourceDepartment of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.
Journal of virology.J Virol.2012 Dec;86(24):13885. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02739-12.
Shandong is a porcine circovirus 2b (PCV2b) strain that was isolated and purified from tissue samples from pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in the Shandong Province of China. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of strain Shandong, which may aid in understanding th
PMID 23166277

Japanese Journal

Internal Medicine : Seroprevalence of Torque Teno Sus Virus Types 1 and 2 in Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome-Suspected Pigs and Porcine Circovirus Type 2-Vaccinated Normal Pigs in Southern Japan

TSHERING Chenga,TAKAGI Mitsuhiro,DEGUCHI Eisaburo
The journal of veterinary medical science 74(1), 107-110, 2012-01
NAID 40019170893

Genotypic Change and Phylogenetic Analysis of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in Taiwanese Pig Herds

CHIOU Ming-Tang,LIN Chao-Nan,YANG Cheng-Yao [他],SU Guan-Shiuan,LIN Chuen-Fu,CHANG Tsung-Chou
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 74(10), 1303-1310, 2012
… Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. …
NAID 130001879825

Seroprevalence of Torque Teno Sus Virus Types 1 and 2 in Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome-Suspected Pigs and Porcine Circovirus Type 2-Vaccinated Normal Pigs in Southern Japan

TSHERING Chenga,TAKAGI Mitsuhiro,DEGUCHI Eisaburo
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 74(1), 107-110, 2012
… We investigated the seroprevalence rate of Torque teno sus virus types 1 (TTSuV1) and 2 (TTSuV2) in the sera of 38 post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)-suspected pigs and 43 porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-vaccinated normal pigs on 3 commercial pig farms in southern Japan by using nested polymerase chain reaction. …
NAID 130001032917