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関: Papaver、Papaveraceae

WordNet

annual or biennial or perennial herbs having showy flowers
type genus of the Papaveraceae; chiefly bristly hairy herbs with usually showy flowers (同)genus Papaver
herbs or shrubs having milky and often colored juices and capsular fruits (同)family Papaveraceae, poppy family
commonly cultivated Asiatic perennial poppy having stiff heavily haired leaves and bright scarlet or pink to orange flowers (同)Papaver orientale
evergreen shrub of southwestern United States and Mexico often cultivated for its fragrant golden yellow flowers (同)tree poppy
perennial herb native to woodland of the eastern United States having yellow flowers (同)wood poppy, Stylophorum diphyllum
a plant of the genus Callirhoe having palmately cleft leaves and white to red or purple flowers borne throughout the summer
Chinese perennial having mauve-pink to bright sky blue flowers in drooping cymes (同)Meconopsis betonicifolia
take drugs, especially orally; "The man charged with murder popped a valium to calm his nerves"
burst open with a sharp, explosive sound; "The balloon popped"; "This popcorn pops quickly in the microwave oven"
cause to burst with a loud, explosive sound; "The child popped the balloon"
a sharp explosive sound as from a gunshot or drawing a cork (同)popping
a sweet drink containing carbonated water and flavoring; "in New England they call sodas tonics" (同)soda, soda_pop, soda_water, tonic
cause to make a sharp explosive sound; "He popped the champagne bottle"
fire a weapon with a loud explosive noise; "The soldiers were popping"
hit a pop-fly; "He popped out to shortstop"
hit or strike; "He popped me on the head"
like a pop or with a pop; "everything went pop"
make a sharp explosive noise; "The cork of the champagne bottle popped"
put or thrust suddenly and forcefully; "pop the pizza into the microwave oven"; "He popped the petit-four into his mouth"
release suddenly; "pop the clutch"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉ケシ(このエキスはアヘン等の原料) / 〈C〉ケシの花(花は赤・黄・白色など) / 〈U〉ケシ色(黄赤色)
ポンと音がする;ポンとはじける / 《話》《副詞[句]を伴って》ひょいと動く / 《話》《副詞[句]を伴って》〈目が〉ポンととび出るほど開く / 《話》(…を)ズドンと撃つ《+『at』+『名』》 / (野球で)小飛球を打ち上げる《+『up(out)』》 / …‘を'ポンと鳴らす,ポンとはじく / 《話》《副詞[句]を伴って》…‘を'ひょいと動かす / 《話》〈鉄砲〉‘を'ズドンと撃つ / 《話》〈質問〉‘を'だしぬけにする / 《話》〈人〉‘を'ポンとたたく《+『名』+『on』+『名』》 / 〈C〉『ポン(パチン,パン)という音』 / 〈U〉ポップ,発泡飲料水 / ポンと[音をたてて];ふいに
大衆向きの
(ある人の)とうちゃな,おやじさん / (親しみをこめて)おじさん
ポピュラー音楽

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/28 09:28:23」(JST)

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Poppies on Lake Geneva, Montreux

Yellow or California poppy in New Delhi, India

A poppy is a flowering plant in the subfamily Papaveroideae of the family Papaveraceae. Poppies are herbaceous plants, often grown for their colorful flowers. One species of poppy, Papaver somniferum, is the source of the crude drug opium which contains powerful medicinal alkaloids such as morphine and has been used since ancient times as an analgesic and narcotic medicinal and recreational drugs. It also produces edible seeds. Following the trench warfare which took place in the poppy fields of Flanders, during the 1st World War, poppies have become a symbol of remembrance of soldiers who have died during wartime.

Description

Poppies are herbaceous annual, biennial or short-lived perennial plants. Some species are monocarpic, dying after flowering. Poppies can be over 4 feet tall with flowers up to six inches across. The flowers have 4 to 6 petals, many stamens forming a conspicuous whorl in the centre of the flower and an ovary consisting of from 2 to many fused carpels. The petals are showy, may be of almost any color and some have markings. The petals are crumpled in the bud and as blooming finishes, the petals often lie flat before falling away. Poppies are in full bloom late spring to early summer.^[1] Most species secrete latex when injured. Bees use poppies as a pollen source. The pollen of the oriental poppy, Papaver orientale, is dark blue, that of the field or corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas) is grey to dark green.^[2] The opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, is mainly grown in eastern and southern Asia, and South Eastern Europe. It is believed that it originated in the Mediterranean region.^[3]

Poppies belong to the subfamily Papaveroideae of the family Papaveraceae, which includes the following genera:

Papaver – Papaver rhoeas, Papaver somniferum, Papaver orientale, Papaver nudicaule
Eschscholzia – Eschscholzia californica
Meconopsis – Meconopsis cambrica, Meconopsis napaulensis
Stylophorum – celandine poppy
Argemone – prickly poppy
Romneya – matilija poppy and relatives
Canbya – pygmy poppy
Stylomecon – wind poppy
Arctomecon – desert bearpaw poppy
Hunnemannia – tulip poppy
Dendromecon – tree poppy

Uses

Plastic Remembrance Day poppies in Canada

Poppy (Canadian version) worn on the lapel

The flowers of most poppy species are attractive and are widely cultivated as annual or perennial ornamental plants. This has resulted in a number of commercially important cultivars, such as the Shirley poppy, a cultivar of Papaver rhoeas and semi-double or double (flore plena) forms of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum and oriental poppy (Papaver orientale). Poppies of several other genera are also cultivated in gardens. A few species have other uses, principally as sources of drugs and foods. The opium poppy is widely cultivated and its worldwide production is monitored by international agencies. It is used for production of dried latex and opium, the principal precursor of narcotic and analgesic opiates such as morphine, heroin and codeine. Poppy seeds are rich in oil, carbohydrates, calcium and protein. Poppy oil is often used as cooking oil, salad dressing oil, or in products such as margarine. Poppy oil can also be added to spices for cakes, or breads. Poppy products are also used in different paints, varnishes, and some cosmetics (Jonsson and Krzymanski, 1989).

Symbolism

Poppies have long been used as a symbol of sleep, peace, and death: Sleep because the opium extracted from them is a sedative, and death because of the common blood-red color of the red poppy in particular. In Greek and Roman myths, poppies were used as offerings to the dead.^[4] Poppies used as emblems on tombstones symbolize eternal sleep. This symbolism was evoked in the children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, in which a magical poppy field threatened to make the protagonists sleep forever.^[4]

The Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red exhibit at the Tower of London, which consists of 888,246 ceramic poppies, one for each British and colonial death^[5]

A second interpretation of poppies in Classical mythology is that the bright scarlet color signifies a promise of resurrection after death.^[6]

The poppy of wartime remembrance is Papaver rhoeas, the red-flowered corn poppy. This poppy is a common weed in Europe and is found in many locations; including Flanders, which is the setting of the famous poem "In Flanders Fields," by the Canadian surgeon and soldier John McCrae. In Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand, artificial poppies (plastic in Canada, paper in the UK, Australia, South Africa, Malta and New Zealand) are worn to commemorate those who died in war. This form of commemoration is associated with Remembrance Day, which falls on November 11. In Canada, Australia and the UK, poppies are often worn from the beginning of November through to the 11th, or Remembrance Sunday if that falls on a later date. In New Zealand and Australia, soldiers are commemorated on ANZAC day (April 25),^[7] although the poppy is still commonly worn around Remembrance Day. Wearing of poppies has been a custom since 1924 in the United States. Miss Moina Michael of Georgia is credited as the founder of the Memorial Poppy in the United States.^[8]^[9]^[10]

History

Papaver somniferum was domesticated by the indigenous people of Western and Central Europe between 6000 and 3500 BC.^[11]

Medical uses

Ancient Egyptian doctors would have their patients eat seeds from a poppy to relieve pain. Poppy seeds contain small quantities of both morphine and codeine,^[12] which are pain-relieving drugs that are still used today. Poppy seeds and fixed oils can also be nonnarcotic because when they are harvested about twenty days after the flower has opened, the morphine is no longer present.^[13]

Other uses

The California poppy, Eschscholzia californica, is the state flower of California.

In Mexico, Grupo Modelo, the makers of Corona beer, used red poppy flowers in most of its advertising images until the 1960s.

A poppy flower is depicted on the reverse of the Macedonian 500-denar banknote, issued in 1996 and 2003.^[14] The poppy is also part of the coat of arms of the Republic of Macedonia.

The powerful symbolism of Papaver rhoeas has been borrowed by various advocacy campaigns, such as the White Poppy and Simon Topping's black poppy.

The girl's given name "Poppy" is taken from the name of the flower.^[15]

Artificial poppies (called "Buddy Poppies") are used in the veterans' aid campaign by the Veterans of Foreign Wars, which provides money to the veterans who assemble the poppies and various aid programs to veterans and their families.^[16]

Canada issued special quarters (25-cent coins) with a red poppy on the reverse in 2004, 2008 and 2010. The 2004 Canadian "poppy" quarter was the world's first colored circulation coin.^[17]

Gallery

Opium poppy with seed head
Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum)
Opium poppy seed capsule
Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) seeds
California Poppy
Poppies near Kelling, North Norfolk, UK, June 2002
Himalayan blue poppy near Gumburanjon in Zanskar, India, July 2008
White poppy seeds. There are about 140,000 poppy seeds to the ounce.^[18]
California poppy seeds
Red poppy flower
Field poppies, by Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii, c. 1912
Turkish poppy-seed cake
Kutia, a sweet grain pudding traditionally served in Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia
Childe Hassam, “Poppies on the Isles of Shoals”, 1890, Brooklyn Museum

References

^ Simon,J.E., Chadwick, A.F. and Craker L.E. (1984) Herbs: An indexed bibliography, 1971-1980: the scientific literature on selected herbs, and aromatic and medicinal plants of the Temperate Zone. Elsevier, Amsterdam and New York. ISBN 0444996265
^ Dorothy Hodges (1952). The pollen loads of the honeybee. Bee Research Association Ltd., London.
^ Kryzmanski, J. and Jonsson, R. (1999) Poppy. In: Robbelon, G., Downey, R.K., Ashri,A.(eds.), Oil Crops of the World. Their Breeding and Utilization. McGraw Hill, New York, ISBN 00-705-30815. p. 388-393.
^ ^a ^b L. Frank Baum, Michael Patrick Hearn, The Annotated Wizard of Oz, p. 173, ISBN 0-517-50086-8
^ "Queen visits Tower of London poppy garden". BBC News. Retrieved 6 November 2014
^ Robert Graves, The Greek Myths, 24. 15 p. 96, ISBN 0-14-001026-2
^ Graham Seal (2004). Inventing Anzac: the digger and national mythology. Univ. of Queensland Press. pp. 105–. ISBN 978-0-7022-3447-7. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
^ "Miss Moina Michael".
^ World Book; Inc (2003). The World Book dictionary. World Book.com. pp. 1622–. ISBN 978-0-7166-0299-6. Retrieved 18 August 2010.
^ United States of America Congressional Record. Government Printing Office. pp. 10121–. GGKEY:8F7NFQJ525R. Retrieved 18 August 2010.
^ Jared Diamond (1997). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. W W Norton & Co. p. 101. ISBN 0-393-03891-2.
^ Meadway, C., George, S. and Braithwaite, R. (1998) Opiate concentration following the ingestion of poppy seed products – evidence for 'the poppy seed defence'. Forensic Science International 96, 29–38
^ Jonsson and Krzymanski, 1989^{[full citation needed]}
^ National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia. Macedonian currency. Banknotes in circulation: 500 Denars (1996 issue) & 500 Denars (2003 issue). – access date 30 March 2009
^ "Meaning and origin of the name Poppy". Baby Names UK. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
^ Veterans of Foreign Wars Buddy Poppy Website
^ Canadian Poppy Coins
^ Dr. Hutchins, R. E. 1965. The Amazing Seeds. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company

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Effects of gluten-free breads, with varying functional supplements, on the biochemical parameters and antioxidant status of rat serum.

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Food chemistry.Food Chem.2015 Sep 1;182:268-74. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.014. Epub 2015 Mar 11.
This paper examines the effects of gluten-free bread enriched with functional ingredients (milk powder, poppy, sunflower and pumpkin seeds, egg yolk, carum, hazel nuts and amaranth) on the morphological and biochemical parameters and antioxidant status of rats serum. Rats were provided test diets--g
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Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Papaver」「ポピー」「Papaveraceae」
拡張検索	「iodine addition product of ethyl ester of fatty acid obtained from poppy seed oil」
関連記事	「pop」