WordNet

any of a series of volatile hydroxyl compounds that are made from hydrocarbons by distillation
a liquor or brew containing alcohol as the active agent; "alcohol (or drink) ruined him" (同)alcoholic drink, alcoholic_beverage, intoxicant, inebriant

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『アルコール』,酒精 / 『アルコール飲料』,酒
ポリ［重合］ビニールの・ポリビニールの

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/02/05 18:47:45」(JST)

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Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH, PVA, or PVAl) is a water-soluble synthetic polymer (not to be confused with polyvinyl acetate, a popular wood glue).

Properties

Polyvinyl alcohol has excellent film forming, emulsifying and adhesive properties. It is also resistant to oil, grease and solvents. It is odorless and nontoxic. It has high tensile strength and flexibility, as well as high oxygen and aroma barrier properties. However these properties are dependent on humidity, in other words, with higher humidity more water is absorbed. The water, which acts as a plasticiser, will then reduce its tensile strength, but increase its elongation and tear strength. PVA is fully degradable and dissolves quickly. PVA has a melting point of 230°C and 180–190°C (356-374 degrees Fahrenheit) for the fully hydrolysed and partially hydrolysed grades, respectively. It decomposes rapidly above 200°C as it can undergo pyrolysis at high temperatures.

PVA is an atactic material but exhibits crystallinity as the hydroxyl groups are small enough to fit into the lattice without disrupting it.

PVA is close to incompressible. The Poisson's ratio has been measured to between 0.42 and 0.48.^[1]

Uses

Polyvinyl alcohol is the raw material to make other polymers like:

Polyvinyl nitrate (PVN): It is an ester of nitric acid and polyvinyl alcohol.
Polyvinyl acetals: Polyvinyl acetals are prepared by reacting aldehydes with polyvinyl alcohol. Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) and polyvinyl formal (PVF) are examples of this family of polymers. They are prepared from polyvinyl alcohol by reaction with butyraldehyde and formaldehyde, respectively. Preparation of polyvinyl butyral is the largest use for polyvinyl alcohol in the U.S. and Western Europe.

Polyvinyl alcohol is used as a emulsion polymerization aid, as protective colloid, to make polyvinyl acetate dispersions. This is the largest market application in China.

In Japan its major use is vinylon fiber production.^[2]

Some other uses of polyvinyl alcohol include:

Paper adhesive with boric acid in spiral tube winding and solid board production
Thickener, modifier, in polyvinyl acetate glues
Textile sizing agent
Paper coatings, release liner,
As a water-soluble film useful for packaging. An example is the envelope containing laundry detergent in "liqui-tabs".
Feminine hygiene and adult incontinence products as a biodegradable plastic backing sheet.
Carbon dioxide barrier in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles
As a film used in the water transfer printing process
As a mold release because materials such as epoxy do not stick to it
Movie practical effect and children's play putty or slime when combined with borax
Used in eye drops and hard contact lens solution as a lubricant
PVA fiber, as reinforcement in concrete
As a surfactant for the formation of polymer encapsulated nanobeads
Used in protective chemical-resistant gloves
Used as a fixative for specimen collection, especially stool samples
When doped with iodine, PVA can be used to polarize light
As an embolization agent in medical procedures
Carotid phantoms for use as synthetic vessels in Doppler flow testing
As agent in artificial Tears for treatment of dry eye.
See more specific polyvinyl alcohol uses

The North Korean-manufacture fiber Vinalon is produced from polyvinyl alcohol. Despite its inferior properties as a clothing fiber, it is produced for self-sufficiency reasons, because no oil is required to produce it.

Fishing

PVA is widely used in freshwater sport fishing. Small bags made from PVA are filled with dry or oil based bait and attached to the hook, or the baited hook is placed inside the bag and cast into the water. When the bag lands on the lake or river bottom it breaks down, leaving the hook bait surrounded by ground bait, pellets etc. This method helps attract fish to the hook bait.

Anglers also use string made of PVA for the purpose of making temporary attachments. For example, holding a length of line in a coil, that might otherwise tangle while the cast is made.

Production

Consumption of polyvinyl alcohol was over one million metric tons in 2006.^[2] Larger producers include Kuraray (Japan and Europe) and Sekisui Specialty Chemicals (USA) but mainland China has installed a number of very large production facilities in the past decade and currently accounts for 45% of world capacity.

Preparation

Unlike many vinyl polymers, PVA is not prepared by polymerization of the corresponding monomer. The monomer, vinyl alcohol, almost exclusively exists as the tautomeric form, acetaldehyde. PVA instead is prepared by partial or complete hydrolysis (sometimes referred to in this case as saponification) of polyvinyl acetate to remove acetate groups.

References

^ Characterization of PVA cryogel for intravascular ultrasound elasticity imaging, Fromageau, J.; Brusseau, E.; Vray, D.; Gimenez, G.; Delachartre, P.; IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, Volume: 50, Issue: 10. 2003, Page(s): 1318 - 1324.
^ ^a ^b SRI Consulting CEH Report Polyvinyl Alcohol, published March 2007, abstract retrieved July 30, 2008.

External links

MSDS
Listed as a plastic by the Society of the Plastics Industry
"Slime" recipe
Forming PVA layers in PET bottles
An Introduction to PVA for Carp Fishing

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Polycaprolactone microspheres as carriers for dry powder inhalers: Effect of surface coating on aerosolization of salbutamol sulfate.

Tuli RA, Dargaville TR, George GA, Islam N.SourceInstitute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia; Pharmacy Discipline, Faculty of Science and Technology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.J Pharm Sci.2012 Feb;101(2):733-45. doi: 10.1002/jps.22777. Epub 2011 Sep 28.
This study reports the factors controlling aerosolization of salbutamol sulfate (SS) from mixtures with polycaprolactone (PCL) microspheres fabricated using an emulsion technique with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as stabilizer. The fine particle fraction (FPF) of SS from PCL measured by a twin-stage impi
PMID 21956254

Comparison of storage stability of odorous VOCs in polyester aluminum and polyvinyl fluoride Tedlar(®) bags.

Kim YH, Kim KH, Jo SH, Jeon EC, Sohn JR, Parker DB.SourceDepartment of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747 Republic of Korea.
Analytica chimica acta.Anal Chim Acta.2012 Jan 27;712:162-7. Epub 2011 Nov 15.
Whole air sampling using containers such as flexible bags or rigid canisters is commonly used to collect samples of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in air. The objective of this study was to compare the stability of polyester aluminum (PEA) and polyvinyl fluoride (PVF, brand name Tedlar(®)) bags f
PMID 22177080

Japanese Journal

Color control of Japanese soy sauce (shoyu) using membrane technology

Miyagi Atsushi,Suzuki Takayuki,Nabetani Hiroshi,Nakajima Mitsutoshi,中嶋光敏
Food and bioproducts processing 91(4), 507-514, 2013-10
… A nanofiltration (NF) membrane with a lower molecular weight cut-off and produced by sulfonated polysulfone (NTR-7400 series) rather than polyvinyl alcohol/polyamide (NTR-7250) had higher decolorization ability. …
NAID 120005366066

2P-164 放射線架橋ポリビニルアルコールゲルを用いた神経幹細胞/前駆細胞の培養(セル&ティッシュエンジニアリング,一般講演)

森英樹,川瀬文音,原正之
日本生物工学会大会講演要旨集 65, 145, 2013-08-25
NAID 110009737830

新しく開発された除湿性および保温性の被覆資材を使ったトンネル被覆が単為結果性トマト品種'京てまり'冬季無加温栽培での果実生産に及ぼす影響

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園芸学研究 12(2), 141-146, 2013-04-15
NAID 40019713108

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リンク元	「ポリビニルアルコール」「PVA」
拡張検索	「polyvinyl alcohol iodine」
関連記事	「alcohol」

「ポリビニルアルコール」

Polyvinyl alcohol
	Other names PVOH; Poly(Ethenol), Ethenol, homopolymer; PVA; Polyviol; Vinol; Alvyl; Alkotex; Covol; Gelvatol; Lemol; Mowiol
Identifiers
CAS number	9002-89-5
KEGG	C00980
ChEMBL	CHEMBL76101
RTECS number	TR8100000
Properties
Molecular formula	(C2H4O)x
Density	1.19-1.31 g/cm³
Melting point	200°C
Boiling point	228°C
Hazards
MSDS	External MSDS
NFPA 704	0 1 0
Flash point	79.44°C
LD50	14,700 mg/kg (Mouse)
	(verify) (what is: /?); Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
	Infobox references