WordNet

the 2nd letter of the Roman alphabet (同)b
the blood group whose red cells carry the B antigen (同)type_B, group B
any of several toxic antibiotics obtained from a particular soil bacterium

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/26 15:22:21」(JST)

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Polymyxin B is an antibiotic primarily used for resistant Gram-negative infections. It is derived from the bacterium Bacillus polymyxa. Polymyxin B is composed of a number of related compounds (see "Mixture Composition"). It has a bactericidal action against almost all Gram-negative bacilli except the Proteus and Neisseria genera. Polymyxins bind to the cell membrane and alter its structure, making it more permeable. The resulting water uptake leads to cell death. Polymyxins are cationic, basic proteins that act like detergents (surfactants). Side effects include neurotoxicity and acute renal tubular necrosis. Polymyxins are used in the topical first-aid preparation Neosporin.

Family of polypeptides with attached fatty acid; cationic detergent at physiological pH, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties
Bactericidal for gram-negative; little to no effect on gram-positive, since cell wall is too thick to permit access to membrane

Mechanism of action

Alters bacterial outer membrane permeability by binding to a negatively charged site in the lipopolysaccharide layer, which has an electrostatic attraction for the positively charged amino groups in the cyclic peptide portion (this site normally is a binding site for calcium and magnesium counter ions); the result is a destabilized outer membrane
Fatty acid portion dissolves in hydrophobic region of cytoplasmic membrane and disrupts membrane integrity
Leakage of cellular molecules, inhibition of cellular respiration
Binds and inactivates endotoxin^[1]
Relative absence of selective toxicity: nonspecific for cell membranes of any type, highly toxic.

Mixture composition

Polymyxin B is composed of polymyxins B1, B1-I, B2, B3, and B6. Polymyxins B1 and B2 are considered major components. These related components are structurally identical with the exception of a variable fatty acid group on each fraction. Results from in vitro studies have shown marginal differences in MIC data when comparing the fractions.^[2]

Research application

In addition to its antibiotic function, polymyxin B has been used to clear endotoxin contamination in reagents. Polymyxin B is also used to induce envelope stress in order to study the organisms response to such stress. Polymyxin envelope stress assays such as this have been used for the study of sRNA responses in Salmonella enterica.^[3]

Spectrum of susceptibility

Polymyxin B has been used to treat urinary tract infections and meningitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Haemophilus influenzae, respectively. The following represents MIC susceptibility data for a few medically significant microorganisms.

Haemophilus influeznae: ≥0.8 μg/ml
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: 0.25 μg/ml - 1 μg/ml

^[4]

References

^ Cardoso LS, Araujo MI, Góes AM, Pacífico LG, Oliveira RR, Oliveira SC (2007). "Polymyxin B as inhibitor of LPS contamination of Schistosoma mansoni recombinant proteins in human cytokine analysis". Microb. Cell Fact. 6: 1. doi:10.1186/1475-2859-6-1. PMC 1766364. PMID 17201926.
^ Orwa, J. A., et al "Isolation and Structural Characterization of Polymyxin B Components." Isolation and Structural Characterization of Polymyxin B Components 912.2 (2001): 369-73. Sciencedirect. Web. 15 Jan. 2013.
^ Hinton, Jay; Magali Hébrard; Carsten Kröger; Shabarinath Srikumar; Aoife Colgan; Kristian Händler (2012). "sRNAs and the virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium". RNA Biology 9 (4): 437–445. doi:10.4161/rna.20480. PMC 3384567. PMID 22546935. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ http://www.toku-e.com/Assets/MIC/Polymyxin%20B%20sulfate.pdf

UpToDate Contents

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1. 外耳炎：治療 external otitis treatment
2. グラム陰性桿菌性髄膜炎：治療 gram negative bacillary meningitis treatment
3. アシネトバクター感染：治療および予防 acinetobacter infection treatment and prevention
4. 結膜炎 conjunctivitis
5. 敗血症に対する治験剤および無効剤 investigational and ineffective therapies for sepsis

English Journal

Characterization of the components of urban particulate matter mediating impairment of nitric oxide-dependent relaxation in intrapulmonary arteries.

Courtois A1, Prouillac C, Baudrimont I, Ohayon-Courtes C, Freund-Michel V, Dubois M, Lisbonne-Autissier M, Marthan R, Savineau JP, Muller B.
Journal of applied toxicology : JAT.J Appl Toxicol.2014 Jun;34(6):667-74. doi: 10.1002/jat.2909. Epub 2013 Jul 23.
We have previously shown that exposure to urban particulate matter (UPM) impairs endothelial nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity in intrapulmonary arteries. As UPM is composed of heterogeneous constituents, the aim of this study was to clarify the class of pollutants responsible for such effect. Extracts
PMID 23881823

In vivo challenging of polymyxins and levofloxacin eye drop against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis.

Tajima K1, Miyake T1, Koike N2, Hattori T1, Kumakura S1, Yamaguchi T2, Matsumoto T2, Fujita K3, Kuroda M3, Ito N4, Goto H1.
Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy.J Infect Chemother.2014 Jun;20(6):343-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jiac.2013.10.015. Epub 2013 Dec 11.
The purposes of this study were to establish a rabbit multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRP) keratitis model, and test the efficacy of levofloxacin, colistin methanesulfate (CL-M), colistin sulfate (CL-S) and polymyxin B (PL-B) against MDRP infection. In a rabbit eye, making a 2-mm circul
PMID 24726376

An efficient depyrogenation method for recombinant bacterial outer membrane lipoproteins.

Basto AP1, Morais J2, Marcelino E2, Leitão A3, Santos DM4.
Protein expression and purification.Protein Expr Purif.2014 Jun;98:10-7. doi: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.02.012. Epub 2014 Mar 12.
Bacterial outer membrane lipoproteins are anchored in the outer membrane lipid layer in close association with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and with other hydrophobic membrane proteins, making their purification technically challenging. We have previously shown that a thorough delipidation of outer mem
PMID 24631926

Japanese Journal

症例エンドトキシン吸着療法(PMX-DHP)にて救命した重症肺炎球菌性肺炎の2例

東正徳,春名茜,吉田博徳 [他]
呼吸と循環 60(11), 1184-1189, 2012-11
NAID 40019466874

敗血症性ショックに対するpolymyxin-B immobilized fiber-direct hemoperfusion 施行時に type II phospholipase A_2と肺酸素化能を継続して検討した1症例

松本尚也,高橋学,小鹿雅博,石部頼子,鈴木泰,井上義博,遠藤重厚
岩手医学雑誌 64(3), 227-232, 2012-08-01
NAID 110009460993

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ポリミキシンB」「PL-B」「PMXB」
拡張検索	「polymyxin B sulfate」「polymyxin-B immobilized column」
関連記事	「B」

「ポリミキシンB」

Polymyxin B
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	N-[4-amino-1-[[1-[[4-amino-1-oxo-1-[[6,9,18-tris(2-aminoethyl)-15-benzyl-3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-12-(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptazacyclotricos-21-yl]amino]butan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-6-methyloctanamide
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	International Drug Names
Pregnancy cat.	C
Legal status	OTC
Routes	Topical, Intramuscular, Intravenous, Intrathecal, or Ophthalmic
Identifiers
CAS number	1405-20-5
ATC code	A07AA05 J01XB02 S01AA18 S02AA11 S03AA03 QJ51XB02
PubChem	CID 5702105
DrugBank	DB00781
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1201283
NIAID ChemDB	007797
Chemical data
Formula	C56H100N16O17S
Mol. mass	1301.56 g/mol
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