・リケチド、・リケタイド

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/25 19:12:01」(JST)

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Polyketides are a class of secondary metabolites produced by certain living organisms in order to impart to them some survival advantage. These are structurally complex organic compounds that are often highly active biologically. Many pharmaceuticals are derived from or inspired by polyketides.

Polyketides
Geldanamycin, a useful antibiotic.
Doxycycline, another important antibiotic.
Erythromycin, an antibiotic.
Aflatoxin B1 one of the most carcinogenic compounds known.

Biosynthesis

Polyketides are usually biosynthesized through the decarboxylative condensation of malonyl-CoA derived extender units in a similar process to fatty acid synthesis (a Claisen condensation). ^[1] The polyketide chains produced by a minimal polyketide synthase are often further derivitized and modified into bioactive natural products.

Polyketides are structurally a very diverse family of natural products with diverse biological activities and pharmacological properties.^[2] They are broadly divided into three classes: type I polyketides (often macrolides produced by multimodular megasynthases), type II polyketides (often aromatic molecules produced by the iterative action of dissociated enzymes), and type III polyketides (often small aromatic molecules produced by fungal species). Polyketide antibiotics, antifungals, cytostatics, anticholesteremic, antiparasitics, coccidiostats, animal growth promoters and natural insecticides are in commercial use.^{[citation needed]}

Examples

Macrolides
- Pikromycin, the first isolated macrolide (1951^[3])
- The antibiotics erythromycin A, clarithromycin, and azithromycin
- The antihelminthics avermectin and ivermectin
- The insecticide spinosad (spinosyn)
Ansamycins
- The antitumor agents geldanamycin and macbecin,
- The antibiotic rifamycin
Polyenes
- The antifungals amphotericin, nystatin and pimaricin
Polyethers
- The antibiotic monensin
Tetracyclines
- The antibiotic agent doxycycline
Acetogenins
- bullatacin
- squamocin
- molvizarin
- uvaricin
- annonacin
Others
- The immunosuppressants tacrolimus (FK506) (a calcineurin inhibitor) and sirolimus (rapamycin) (a mTOR inhibitor)
- Radicicol and the pochonin family (HSP90 inhibitors)
- The cholesterol lowering agent lovastatin
- Discodermolide
- Aflatoxin
- Usnic acid
- Anthracimycin
- Anthramycin

References

^ Robinson JA (1991). "Polyketide synthase complexes: their structure and function in antibiotic biosynthesis". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 332 (1263): 107–114. doi:10.1098/rstb.1991.0038. PMID 1678529.
^ Katz, Leonard (1997). "Manipulation of Modular Polyketide Synthases". Chem. Rev 97: 2557–2576. doi:10.1021/cr960025.
^ Brockmann, H. and Henkel, W. (1951). "Pikromycin, ein bitter schmeckendes Antibioticum aus Actinomyceten". ntibiotica aus Actinomyceten, 84: 184–288. doi:10.1002/cber.19510840306.

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1. 結核の微生物学および病因 microbiology and pathogenesis of tuberculosis

English Journal

Enabling techniques in the search for new antibiotics: Combinatorial biosynthesis of sugar-containing antibiotics.

Park JW1, Nam SJ2, Yoon YJ3.
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PMID 27793719

Syntheses of benzophenone-xanthone hybrid polyketides and their antibacterial activities.

Kodama T1, Ito T2, Dibwe DF1, Woo SY1, Morita H3.
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Involvement of FST1 from Fusarium verticillioides in virulence and transport of inositol.

Niu C1, Payne GA2, Woloshuk CP1.
Molecular plant pathology.Mol Plant Pathol.2017 Jun;18(5):695-707. doi: 10.1111/mpp.12430. Epub 2016 Jul 15.
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Japanese Journal

Development of an efficient gene-targeting system in Aspergillus luchuensis by deletion of the non-homologous end joining system(GENETICS, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, AND GENE ENGINEERING)

Takahashi Toru,Mizutani Osamu,Shiraishi Yohei,Yamada Osamu
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 112(6), 529-534, 2011-12
… Furthermore, using this ALligD disruptant, we disrupted ALpksP encoding an Aspergillus fumigatus polyketide synthase P (alb1/pksP) orthologue. …
NAID 110008897323

Molecular biological researches of Kuro-Koji molds, their classification and safety(BREWING AND FOOD TECHNOLOGY)

Yamada Osamu,Takara Ryo,Hamada Ryoko,Hayashi Risa,Tsukahara Masatoshi,Mikami Shigeaki
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 112(3), 233-237, 2011-09
… niger CBS 513.88 and has homology to the polyketide synthase fragment of A. …
NAID 110008790447