出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2013/08/24 12:19:33」(JST)
Polyethylenimine | |
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IUPAC name
Poly(iminoethylene) |
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Other names
Polyaziridine, Poly[imino(1,2-ethanediyl)] |
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Identifiers | |
CAS number | 9002-98-6 Y |
Properties | |
Molecular formula | (C2H5N)n, linear form |
Molar mass | variable |
Y (verify) (what is: Y/N?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) |
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Infobox references |
Polyethylenimine (PEI) or polyaziridine is a polymer with repeating unit composed of the amine group and two carbon aliphatic CH2CH2 spacer. Linear polyethyleneimines contain all secondary amines, in contrast to branched PEIs which contain primary, secondary and tertiary amino groups. Totally branched, dendrimeric forms were also reported.[1] PEI is produced on industrial scale and finds many applications usually derived from its polycationic character.[2]
The linear PEIs are solids at room temperature where branched PEIs are liquids at all molecular weights. Linear polyethyleneimines are soluble in hot water, at low pH, in methanol, ethanol, or chloroform. They are insoluble in cold water, benzene, ethyl ether, and acetone. They have a melting point of 73-75°C. They can be stored at room temperature.
Branched PEI can be synthesized by the ring opening polymerization of aziridine.[3] Depending on the reaction conditions different degree of branching can be achieved. Linear PEI is available by post-modification of other polymers like poly(2-oxazolines) [4] or N-substituted polyaziridines.[5] Linear PEI was synthesised by the hydrolysis of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)[6] and sold as jetPEI.[7] The current generation in-vivo-jetPEI uses bespoke poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) polymers as precursors.[8]
Polyethyleneimine finds many applications in products like: detergents, adhesives, water treatment agents and cosmetics.[9] Thanks to ability to modify the surface of cellulose fibres, PEI is employed as a wet-strength agent in the paper-making process.[10] It is also used as flocculating agent with silica sols and as a chelating agent with the ability to complex metal ions such as zinc and zirconium.[11] There are also other highly specialized PEI applications:
Polyethyleneimines are used in the cell culture of weakly anchoring cells to increase attachment. PEI is a cationic polymer; the negatively charged outer surfaces of cells are attracted to dishes coated in PEI, facilitating stronger attachments between the cells and the plate. However, polyethylenimine has very strong toxicity.[12]
Poly(ethylenimine) was the second polymeric transfection agent discovered,[13] after poly-l-lysine. PEI condenses DNA into positively charged particles, which bind to anionic cell surface residues and are brought into the cell via endocytosis. Once inside the cell protonation of the amines results in an influx of counter-ions and a lowering of the osmotic potential. Osmotic swelling results and bursts the vesicle releasing the polymer-DNA complex (polyplex) into the cytoplasm. If the polyplex unpacks then the DNA is free to diffuse to the nucleus.[14][15] PEI is extremely cytotoxic,[16] by two different mechanisms,[17] the disruption of the cell membrane leading to necrotic cell death (immediate) and disruption of the mitochondrial membrane after internalisation leading to apoptosis (delayed).
Both linear and branched polyethylenimine has been used for CO2 capture, frequently impregnated over porous materials. First use of PEI polymer in CO2 capture was devoted to improve the CO2 removal in space aircraft applications, impregnated over a polymeric matrix.[18] After that, the support was changed to MCM-41, an hexagonal mesostructured silica, and large amounts of PEI were retained in the so-called "molecular basket".[19] MCM-41-PEI adsorbent materials led to higher CO2 adsorption capacities than bulk PEI or MCM-41 material individually considered. The authors claim that, in this case, a synergic effect takes place due to the high PEI dispersion inside the pore structure of the material. As a result of this improvement, further works were developed to study more in depth the behaviour of these materials. Exhaustive works have been focused on the CO2 adsorption capacity as well as the CO2/O2 and CO2/N2 adsorption selectivity of several MCM-41-PEI materials with PEI polymers.[20][21] Also, PEI impregnation has been tested over different supports such as a glass fiber matrix [22] and monoliths.[23] However, for an appropriate performance under real conditions in post-combustion capture (mild temperatures between 45-75°C and the presence of moisture) it is necessary to use thermally and hydrothermally stable silica materials, such as SBA-15,[24] which also presents an hexagonal mesostructure. Moisture and real world conditions have also been tested when using PEI-impregnated materials to adsorb CO2 from the air.[25]
Lately, many efforts have been made in order to improve PEI diffusion within the porous structure of the support used. A better dispersion of PEI and a higher CO2 efficiency (CO2/NH molar ratio) were achieved by impregnating a template-occluded PE-MCM-41 material rather than perfect cylindrical pores of a calcined material,[26] following a previously described route.[27] The combined use of organosilanes such as aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, AP, and PEI has also been studied. The first approach used a combination of them to impregnate porous supports, achieving faster CO2-adsorption kinetics and higher stability during reutilization cycles, but no higher efficiencies.[28] A novel method is the so-called "double-functionalization". It is based on the impregnation of materials previously functionalized by grafting (covalent bonding of organosilanes). Amino groups incorporated by both paths have shown synergic effects, achieving high CO2 uptakes up to 235 mg CO2/g (5.34 mmol CO2/g).[29]
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リンク元 | 「PEI」「polyethyleneimine」「ポリエチレンイミン」 |
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