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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/12/27 06:05:16」(JST)

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Tranquillizers, sleeping pills, opiates and alcohol.

Alcohol and benzodiazepines

Poly drug use refers to the use of two or more psychoactive drugs in combination to achieve a particular effect. In many cases one drug is used as a base or primary drug, with additional drugs to leaven or compensate for the side effects of the primary drug and make the experience more enjoyable with drug synergy effects, or to supplement for primary drug when supply is low.^[1]

Risks

Poly drug use often carries with it more risk than use of a single drug, due to an increase in side effects, and drug synergy. The potentiating effect of one drug on another is sometimes considerable and here the licit drugs and medicines – such as alcohol, nicotine and antidepressants – have to be considered in conjunction with the controlled psychoactive substances. The risk level will depend on the dosage level of both substances. If the drugs taken are illegal, they have a chance of being mixed (also known as "cutting") with other substances which dealers are reported to do to increase the perceived quantity when selling to others to increase their returns. This is particularly common with powdered drugs such as cocaine or MDMA which can be mixed with relative ease by adding another white powdery substance to the drug. This cumulative effect can lead to further unintended harm to health dependent on what is being maliciously added. Concerns also exist about a number of pharmacological pairings: alcohol and cocaine increase cardiovascular toxicity; alcohol or depressant drugs, when taken with opioids, lead to an increased risk of overdose; and opioids or cocaine taken with ecstasy or amphetamines also result in additional acute toxicity.^[2] Benzodiazepines are notorious for causing death when mixed with other CNS depressants such as opioids, alcohol, or barbiturates.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Scheduling

Within the general concept of multiple drug use, several specific meanings of the term must be considered. At one extreme is planned use, where the effects of more than one drug are taken for a desired effect. Another type is when other drugs are used to counteract the negative side effects of a different drug (e.g. depressants are used to counteract anxiety and restlessness from taking stimulants). On the other hand, the use of several substances in an intensive and chaotic way, simultaneously or consecutively, in many cases each drug substituting for another according to availability.^[2]

Research

The phenomenon is the subject of established academic literature.^[6]

A study among treatment admissions found that it is more common for younger people to report polydrug drug use.^[7]

References

^ http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index34913EN.html
^ ^a ^b EMCDDA Annual Report 2006 ch. 8
^ Serfaty M, Masterton G (1993). "Fatal poisonings attributed to benzodiazepines in Britain during the 1980s". Br J Psychiatry. 163: 386–93. doi:10.1192/bjp.163.3.386. PMID 8104653.
^ Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Whyte IM, O'Connell DL (1995). "[Relative toxicity of benzodiazepines in overdose.]". BMJ. 310 (6974): 219–21. doi:10.1136/bmj.310.6974.219. PMC 2548618. PMID 7866122.
^ Drummer OH; Ranson DL (December 1996). "Sudden death and benzodiazepines". Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 17 (4): 336–42. doi:10.1097/00000433-199612000-00012. PMID 8947361.
^ Scholey AB, Parrott AC, Buchanan T, Heffernan TM, Ling J, Rodgers J (June 2004). "Increased intensity of Ecstasy and polydrug usage in the more experienced recreational Ecstasy/MDMA users: a WWW study". Addict Behav. 29 (4): 743–52. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.02.022. PMID 15135556.
^ "Polydrug Use Among Treatment Admissions: 1998." OAS Home: Alcohol, Tobacco & Drug Abuse and Mental Health Data from SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies. Web. 29 Sept. 2011. [1]

UpToDate Contents

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1. 薬物乱用があった母親の乳児 infants of mothers with substance abuse
2. 妊婦における薬物乱用の概要 overview of substance misuse in pregnant women
3. 成人における薬物中毒への一般的アプローチ general approach to drug poisoning in adults
4. 小児および思春期における吸入剤の乱用 inhalant abuse in children and adolescents
5. 新生児禁断症候群 neonatal abstinence syndrome

English Journal

A Typology of Substance Use Among Pregnant Teens in the United States.

Salas-Wright CP1, Vaughn MG2, Ugalde J3.
Maternal and child health journal.Matern Child Health J.2016 Mar;20(3):646-54. doi: 10.1007/s10995-015-1864-1.
Objectives Previous research suggests that, in general, youth who become pregnant during their teenage years tend to report elevated levels of substance use prior to conception and substantial reductions in use during pregnancy. While such studies provide insight into aggregate patterns of adolescen
PMID 26525556

Differential modulation of the discriminative stimulus effects of methamphetamine and cocaine by alprazolam and oxazepam in male and female rats.

Spence AL1, Guerin GF2, Goeders NE2.
Neuropharmacology.Neuropharmacology.2016 Mar;102:146-57. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.10.041. Epub 2015 Nov 2.
Drug users often combine benzodiazepines with psychostimulants, such as methamphetamine. However, very little research has been conducted on this type of polydrug use, particularly in female subjects. The present study was therefore designed to examine the effects of two benzodiazepines, alprazolam
PMID 26541330

Meta-analysis of molecular imaging of serotonin transporters in ecstasy/polydrug users.

Alexander RC1, Andrew J2, Cathy M3.
Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews.Neurosci Biobehav Rev.2016 Feb 5. pii: S0149-7634(15)30058-0. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.003. [Epub ahead of print]
We conducted a meta-analysis on the available data from studies investigating SERTs in ecstasy users and polydrug using controls. From 7 studies we compared data from 157 ecstasy users and 148 controls across 14 brain regions. The main effect suggested ecstasy/MDMA related SERT reductions (SMD=0.52,
PMID 26855234